The name of Shanghai was first found in the Song Dynasty's Shanghai Affairs in The Important Edition of the Song Dynasty, and then the Water Conservancy Book, written in the Xi'ning Dynasty, recorded Shanghai's Pu.Yes. In the Song Dynasty, there was a tributary called Shanghai Pu in the lower reaches of the Wusong River. The term "pu" used to refer to the place where rivers converge or where they enter the sea, but in Wudi it often refers to small tributaries of the river. The term "above" is often used in the names of rivers in the left area of the river to be close to the source. On the contrary, the lower is the area near the mouth of the mouth. In the Tilanqiao area of Jinhongkou, there is still a place name for the Xiahai Temple. The economic development of the Song dynasty gave birth to the development of the wine industry, and the government set up a wine business near Shanghai Pu to levy a tax on wine, known as Shanghai Business, which spreadYes.

There are many explanations for the origin of Shanghai names. Shanghai is famous for Shanghai Pu. It's named for "land on the sea." The other is called Shanghai, which is known as "the landing of overseas business ships here."Yes.

In addition, Shanghai's short name "Shanghai" comes from a fishing tool called "Hu" created by the local people in ancient times, and the Song River in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is called "Hudu" (today in the west of Old Qingpu Town in the Qingpu District of Shanghai).Yes. In The Book of Jin and The Book of Liang, there are many references to "Hudu"Yes. Not to mention the "Shen", it is said that the western part of Shanghai was named after the land that Chu Kuo-chun applied for.Yes.

Early history

Qibao Town in Minhang is a typical old town in the south of the Yangtze River.

About 7,000 years ago, land was formed in western Shanghai, and nearly 2,000 years later in eastern Shanghai. The earliest remains of human civilization in Shanghai date back to the Neolithic age 6,000 years ago.There are traces of the culture of Ma Jiabang, Song Ze, Liangzhu and Maqiao.Yes. The Jin dynasty, Songjiang, from the 4th to the 5th century ADAlong with the coastal area, fishermen congregate and gradually develop into a fishing port and a commercial town. In 751, Huating County was established and is subordinate to SuzhouThe area extends north to the area of Hongkou today, south to the sea, and east to Xiasha (north of Hangtou Town in Pudong New Area).Yes.

In the Song dynasty, there were many traders, and there is already a name in Shanghai.Yes. 1267, Huating County, JiaxingA town was set up on the west bank of Shanghai Pu (a tributary of Songjiang), named Shanghai Town. From 1277 to 1277, Huating County was promoted to government, and its name was changed to Songjiang District next year. Up to August 19, 1291, the Yuan Government established Shanghai County under the jurisdiction of the Songjiang District Government, the Dongbei District of Xihuating County, the Dongbei District of Huangpu River, the elders, Gaochang, Beiting, Xinjiang River and Haiyu Township on both sides of the Huangpu RiverThis marks the beginning of Shanghai's independent administrative system.Yes. As of 1553, the city wall of Shanghai was erected. By the time of the Ming dynasty, Shanghai County was in the Songjiang District of Nanzhi Province, and at that time the Songjiang District was said to be "the whole world of Songjiang taxes."It's prosperous. Under the Qing Dynasty, Shanghai County first belonged to the Songjiang District of Jiangnan Province, and then to Jiangsu ProvinceYes.

Early Days of Opening of Port

The Change Chart of Shanghai County City and Concession

In 1843, according to the Nanjing Treaty signed between China and Britain the previous year, Shanghai was officially opened as a port of five trading portsYes. In 1845, China and the UK signed the Shanghai Charter of Land Leasing, thus beginning the history of land leasing. Since then, France and the United States have set up concession zones in Shanghai. Subsequently, the concession gradually formed into an area that was beyond the jurisdiction of the Chinese government and had independent judicial and administrative powers. After several expansions, by 1900, the public concession reached 33,503 mu, while the French concession was 2,135 mu, covering a large area of the core area of Shanghai todayYes. Thanks to this unique political system and geographical position, Shanghai gradually developed into the most prosperous economic and commercial center in the Far East after opening the port, and was known as the "Ten Li Ocean Yard" and the "paradise for adventurers.Yes. Because of the existence of the concession, the prosperous areas of Shanghai at that time were not affected by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Yihetuan Movement, enjoyed a status of actual independence, enjoyed sufficient international ties, and a stable political and business environment created conditions for the continued prosperity of Shanghai after that.Yes.

Period of the Republic of China

• 

  The old Shanghai Municipal Library, No. 181 Heishan Road, was part of the "Greater Shanghai Plan" implemented by the Nanjing National Government of the Republic of China in 1931.

• 

  The Shanghai International Hotel was completed in June 1934 and officially opened to the public. When it was built, the building overtook the Sassoon to become the tallest building in Shanghai at the time and the tallest building in the country and beyond the United States.

• 

  In the 1920s, the urban road rail traffic in the British Concession Area of Shanghai.

• Shanghai during the Mainland China era.

• Shanghai during the Republic of China.

• The Waibaidu Bridge during the Republic of China was a symbol of Shanghai's urban prosperity.

• The Bund in the 1890's was the most important financial trading center in the Far East.

November 3, 1911, Guangfu, ShanghaiYes. Since the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, the situation in Shanghai has been rather chaotic, and the Chinese community in Shanghai has been at times in disorder, as conservative forces and the Revolutionary Party have been competing for central and local power. At the same time, the concession has maintained relative stability and peace, and has further accelerated its development in the economic, population and other aspects, from 1914 to 1936, becoming a stage of high prosperity for the concession in ShanghaiYes.

Before 1927, Zhabei District and Nanshi District were under the jurisdiction of Shanghai County of Jiangsu Province, excluding the Concession. Because of the political particularity of the concession, some major political events affecting China in the early 20th century also occurred in Shanghai. In 1919, Shanghai workers, students and people from all walks of life held a general strike, class strike and market strike at the Paris Peace Conference. From June 5 of that year, the center of the May 4th Movement moved from Beijing to Shanghai. In July 1921, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in ShanghaiIt marked the birth of the Communist Party of China, and Shanghai became the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China until 1933.Yes. On May 30, 1925, Shanghai students and citizens protested against the Japanese-owned cotton yarn factory owner's shooting of striking workers, and the public concession patrolled the crowd and opened fire on them, causing the May 30 tragedy, which triggered a nationwide anti-British movement.Yes. On April 12, 1927, the April 12 incident broke out, and the Kuomintang carried out a Party Purge within China, and the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party came to an end.Yes.

1932 in Shanghai

On July 7, 1927, the National People's Government established a special city in Shanghai outside the concession area, and incorporated the 17 townships of Shanghai County and Baoshan County, formerly of Jiangsu Province, with a total area of 494 square kilometers.Yes. Because of its proximity to the capital, Nanjing, and its role as a foreign trade center, a large number of financial institutions have established their headquarters in Shanghai, strengthening their position as a national economic and financial center. Both the Shanghai Concession and the East China World have enjoyed rapid growth in the subsequent 10 years, and are known as the Far East Financial Center.Yes. July 1930, it was renamed Shanghai. In the 1930s, Shanghai was the largest city and commercial and financial center in the Far EastYes. In 1936, Shanghai became the seventh largest city in the world and was known as "Paris of the East" and "London of the East".Yes.

On January 28, 1932, the Japanese army launched a war in Shanghai, bombing Zhabei District and sabotaging Chinese construction. On October 10, 1933, Wu Tiecheng, then mayor of Shanghai, gave a speech at the completion of the Shanghai Municipal Government building, which was enough to show that after the war, the Chinese people were determined to create the world by themselves.Yes.

On August 13, 1937, the Song-Hu War broke out, the comprehensive war of resistance began, the Sino-Japanese fierce battle in Shanghai lasted three months, and Shanghai fell to the enemy.Yes. After the war, the formerly prosperous cities of Zhabei and Nanshi were severely damaged, and the Chinese community was basically reduced to a slum area, which had a major impact on the urban landscape in the coming decades. The northern half of Shanghai's public concession was reduced to a Japanese military defense zone, while the French concession and the public concession south of the Suzhou River, due to their unique circumstances, had an isolated period of more than four years of abnormal prosperity. By 1941, after the outbreak of the Pacific War, Japanese troops had occupied the concession, which had ceased to exist since 1943Yes. In 1945, the Anti-Japanese War was won, and Shanghai was taken over by the Nationalist government.Yes.

In 1946, the second civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party broke out, Shanghai's economy collapsed and prices soared. The government's 1948 Economic Emergency Resolution Order attempted to turn things around, but failedYes. After the Shanghai Campaign in May 1949, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) took control of the entire territory of Shanghai on May 27 and established the Shanghai Military Control Committee of the PLA and the Shanghai Municipal People's Government. Here, many people, property, and institutions related to the Republic of China and overseas institutions have accompanied the Republic of China government to leave Shanghai.Yes.

Period of the People's Republic of China

Maps of Shanghai in 1954

In 1949, the People's Republic of China established Shanghai, Jiangsu Province, as the central municipality directly under the Central Government, with a total area of 618.02 square kilometers. Of these areas, the urban area is 86.66 square kilometers and the suburban area is 531.36 square kilometers. In 1954, the area of the whole city was 630.11 square kilometers. In 1958, 10 counties of Shanghai, Jiading, Baoshan, Songjiang, Jinshan, Chuansha, Nanhui, Fengxian, Qingpu and Chongming were incorporated into Shanghai, increasing the area of Shanghai to 5,862.88 square kilometersYes. In 1984, the Shanghai Municipal Surveying and Mapping Department and the Shanghai Municipal Soil Census Office carried out a new survey of the land area of the whole city, and by the end of 1986, the land area of the whole city was 6,340.50 square kilometers, of which the urban area was 375.44 square kilometers and the suburban county was 5,965.06 square kilometers; The water surface area of the whole city is 121.85 square kilometers. From January 1987, the above data shall be formally used in the whole cityYes.

During the period after the end of the Shanghai Campaign, because some islands in the southeast of Shanghai (mainly the Zhoushan Islands) were still under the control of the ROC National Army, Shanghai was frequently attacked by the National Army and the Air Force, and the "26th Bombing Campaign in Shanghai" on 6 February 1950 was the most serious one, causing more than 1,000 casualties and paralyzing the Shanghai power production system for a time.Yes. After the outbreak of the Korean War, the People's Republic of China was blockaded by the Western countries, and the ships of the socialist countries, including the Soviet Union, traveling to and from Shanghai were repeatedly intercepted and seized by the Navy of the Republic of China, and Shanghai's international economic status was declining day by day.Yes. On the other hand, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the central government focused on the development of inland and central and western China, during which Shanghai provided a large amount of funds, technology and talents for the development of other regions, and the development of Shanghai was relatively stagnantShanghai's economic position and influence are far behind those of Hong Kong. However, Shanghai has been China's largest industrial base for a long time, and its total industrial output value has accounted for about 30% of the country's total before the reform and opening up.Yes. During the Cultural Revolution, political activity in Shanghai was active, becoming an important base for the Gang of Four, whose supporters tried to launch an armed coup after its arrestYes.

after reform and opening up

After the reform and opening-up of China in 1978, Shenzhen and other emerging economic zones in the south developed rapidly, and Shanghai's position as the economic center of China was once challenged. During the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989, the Shanghai leadership on the one hand shouted words to the protesting students in order to resolve the grievances of the people, and on the other hand, by administrative means, the publication of newspapers and magazines such as World Economic Herald, which supported the student movement, was suspendedYes. Since Shanghai did not develop into a large-scale event, the performance of the city's leadership was affirmed by the Central Committee, and Jiang Zemin was elected general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Afterwards, Wu Bangguo, Zeng Qinghong, and Huang Ju became members of the Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee, and entered the center of power of Chinese politics, forming the Shanghai Gang with wide influence in Chinese political circlesYes.

Shanghai's rapid economic development since 1990, when China's top leaders launched the policy of opening up Pudong, has once again consolidated its position as a center of China's economy, finance and trade. The Shanghai Municipal Government is now committed to building Shanghai into an international financial center and an international shipping center, and its planning was approved by the State Council in March 2009Yes. But from 2006 to 2008, Chen Liangyu, then member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China and party secretary of Shanghai, offended the Chinese powerful interest groups at the time for protecting the interests of the citizens. He was charged with the Shanghai Social Security Fund case and was expelled from the party and sentenced to 18 years in prisonIt is a great change in Shanghai's political arena in the early 21st century.Outsiders believe that Chen Liang-yu has been implicated in the political struggle of the Chinese Communists.This political incident has also had a significant adverse impact on Shanghai's economic and social development.Yes.

From May 1, 2010 to October 31, 2010, the World Expo 2010 Shanghai, China was held. The theme of the expo is "Better City, Better Life".

On November 15, 2010, a major fire broke out in a 28-story apartment building at 728 Jiaozhou Road, Jing'an District, killing 58 people71 injuredYes. After the incident, the residents spontaneously held condolences.Yes.

In August 2013, the State Council officially approved the establishment of China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone. When the pilot zone was established, the Waigaoqiao Bonded Zone as the core, with the Airport Bonded Zone and the Yangshan Port Lingang New City as the new experimental field for China's economy, implemented a number of reform measures, such as the transformation of government functions, financial system, trade services, foreign investment and tax policies, and will vigorously promote the development of transit and offshore business in Shanghai. The project, which has encountered resistance but was backed by Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party, and Li Keqiang, premier of the State Council, was finally launched. On September 29, 2013, the Shanghai Free Trade Zone was officially establishedYes.

On 31 December 2014 (New Year's Eve), a serious stampede occurred at the Chen Yi Square step on the Bund due to a large-scale human flow hedgingA total of 36 people were killed and 49 others injured.

In June 2016, the Shanghai Disneyland resort, which had been in preparation for several years, officially opened in Shanghai's Pudong New Area. Party General Secretary and President Xi Jinping of China and US President Barack Obama delivered speeches and congratulatory letters at the opening ceremony. Han Zheng, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee, and Robert Iger, chairman and chief executive officer of Walt Disney Company, presided over the ribbon cutting. Shanghai Disneyland has also become the first in mainland China, the third in Asia, and the sixth in the world.Yes.

From November 5-10, 2018, the first China International Import Expo was held at the National Convention and Exhibition Center (Shanghai)The slogan of "A New Era and a Shared Future" is to adhere to the principles and spirit of "One Belt, One Road" and "Joint Construction, Sharing"Yes. On August 20, 2019, Lingang New Area of China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone was established by listingThe goal is to build special economic functional zones with more international market influence and competitiveness, and implement a series of opening-up, talent introduction and preferential policies by referring to the administration of special economic zonesYes.

• 

  Shanghai Pudong Business District

• 2010 Shanghai World Expo Axis Night View

• 2010 Shanghai 11/15 fire

• China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone (Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone)

• Opening of the 1st China International Import Expo

Shanghai is on the alluvial plain, and the land area has continued to grow because of the accumulation of sediment, so the Yangtze River water with sediment can be seen from satellite images.

terrain

The center of Shanghai Municipality is located at 30°23'-31°27' N and 120°52'-121°45' E, which is located at the leading edge of the Yangtze River Delta alluvial Plain, east bordering the East China Sea, the Yangtze River in the north, south bordering the Hangzhou Bay, west bordering Jiangsu Province and Zhejiang Province, and the center of the Chinese coastlineYes. By the end of 2013, the city had an area of 6,340.5 square kilometersIt is about 120 kilometers north and south and about 100 kilometers east and west. Of these areas, the urban area is 2,648.6 square kilometers. The whole of Shanghai is alluvial plain, and there are only some volcanic hills in the southwest. The average altitude is about 4 meters, the terrain is flat, the height is slightly east, west and low, the mountain range is small and low. The eastern coast is formed by the sediment carried by the Yangtze River into the sea. The area of Chongming Island, Pudong and other areas is still growing, and there are Sheshan and Tianma Mountain in the west, but the height is below 100 meters. The highest point in Shanghai is Dajinshan Island, located in the Hangzhou Bay, at an altitude of 103.4 meters.Yes.

environment

The Huangpu River, which started at Dianshan Lake in Zhujiajiao Town, Qingpu District, Shanghai, is injected into the Yangtze River at Wusongkou, the last tributary of the Yangtze River before it enters the sea. The main channel through which the Taihu Lake drains into the East China Sea is the rivers that are accepted by the upper reaches of the Huangpu River.

Shanghai is located in the Jiangnan River Valley and at the mouth of the Yangtze River. It is also not on the main seismic belt, so there are few earthquakes, floods and geological disastersHowever, it is vulnerable to the tsunami because of its coastal and low altitude. The rivers in Shanghai are crisscrossed, once a land of fish and rice, and the islands on the eastern side of the mainland have vast wetlands and beaches, which are an important habitat for migratory birds and an important ecological barrier for ShanghaiYes. Due to its location on the southeast coast and along the route of typhoon in the western Pacific, tropical cyclones (typhoons) from the Pacific often cross or affect each summer and early autumn each year, resulting in strong wind, high tide and rainstormYes.

With economic development and the influx of foreign population, Shanghai is also facing various environmental pollution problems.Air pollution and noise pollution are frequently complained by the public.There have also been incidents of environmental pollution accidents that damage the health of citizens.Yes. Shanghai is also a typical water quality-deficient city, and as water quality gradually deteriorates, water sources in water plants are relocated repeatedly.Yes. There are many chemical, energy, carbon, building materials and other factories in the Harbin River of Wujing County, Minhang City, which may be relocated.Yes. In addition, Shanghai is located in the alluvial plain at the mouth of the Yangtze River, belonging to soft soil foundation, over-exploitation of underground water, construction of high rise buildings and underground facilities and other reasons resulting in surface subsidenceYes.

The Shanghai Municipal Government has taken many corresponding measures to improve the environmental problems. Urban car horn has been regulated by law and sound insulation screens have been erected to reduce the impact of noise on residential buildings along the road. The Suzhou River, which once caused serious pollution, has been subjected to a three-stage large-scale pollution control project since the 1990s.Yes. For the over-exploitation of groundwater, the basic balance is achieved by using the means of water recharge, but the ground still subsides at 6 mm per yearYes.

The water quality of Dianshan Lake is class Ⅴ, the water quality of Huangpu River is class Ⅳ, and the water quality of offshore area is poor. The proportion of air reaching the standard days in Shanghai is 67.4%, and the proportion of air pollution days with a grade of severe pollution or more is 6.3%Yes.

climate

Shanghai's climate type belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate: high temperature and heavy rain in summer, mild and light rain in winter, clear four seasons, full sunshine and abundant rainfall. Mild and humid climate, with an average annual temperature of 17.0 °C。 Spring (April-May), autumn (October-November) is shorter, winter (December-March of the following year) and summer (June-September) are longer. The Shanghai Flood Season will last from May to September, with a rainfall of about 60% for the whole yearYes. The annual July drought, which is humid and hot compared with the usual months, has an average temperature of 28.7°C and an average of 8.7 days a year, with the highest temperature exceeding 35°C. In recent years, the temperature has been on the rise due to the environmental impact. January is the coldest season of the year, with an average temperature of 4.8°C. Urban Xujiahui (statistics starting in 1872) Extreme maximum temperature 40.9°C (21 July 2017)The minimum temperature is -12.1°C (19 January 1893). International Exchange Station (starting statistics in 1951) Extreme Maximum Temperature 39.9°C (6-8 August 2013) and Extreme Minimum Temperature - 10.1°C (31 January 1977). Frost will appear due to cold air in the northern Mongolian plateau and Siberia. If strong cold air strikes and the warm and wet air flow happens, Shanghai will also have sleet or snow.Yes.

political power structure

Current leaders of four major institutions in Shanghai

Institutions Head	Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China secretary	People's Congress of Shanghai Municipality standing committee Director	Shanghai Municipal People's Government mayor	Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Chairman
Name	Li Qiang	Jiang Zhuoqing	Gong Zheng	Dong Yunhu
ethnic group	Han	Han	Han	Han
Ji Guan	Zhejiang Rui An	Cixi, Zhejiang	Suzhou, Jiangsu	Xianju, Zhejiang
Date of birth	July 1959 (age 61)	August 1959 (age 61)	March 1960 (60 years old)	November 1962 (57-58 years old)
Date of appointment	October 2017	January 2020	July 2020	January 2018

Under the system of the people's congress, the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress is the highest local state authority in Shanghai. The Shanghai Municipal Party Committee, the Shanghai Municipal Government and the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference are jointly called the "four leading bodies" at the city level. The leading members are leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial levels, but the Party Secretary is usually a member of the Political Bureau at the national level. Based on the reality of the party's leadership, the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee has actual leadership over all departments in the city, and the party secretary enjoys a higher status than the mayor, while the Municipal People's Congress and the CPPCC have relatively small powersYes.

No. 200 Renmin Avenue, Huangpu District, Shanghai Municipal People's Government, Li Qiang, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and chairman of the Standing Committee of the Municipal People's Congress is Jiang ZhuoqingGong Zheng, mayor, and Dong Yunhu, chairman of the CPPCC Municipal CommitteeYes.

In the 2012 ranking released by the E-Government Research Center of the State Administration College, the government affairs microblog of the Information Office of the Shanghai Municipal People's Government "Shanghai Publishing" ranked first among China's more than 170,000 government affairs microblogsYes.

administrative division

Shanghai Municipality has 16 municipal districts under its jurisdiction, and 107 sub-districts under its jurisdiction106 towns, 2 townships, divided into 4,463 neighborhood committees (communities) and 1,571 village committeesYes. In the history of Puxi, Huangpu, Xuhui, Changning, Jing'an, Putuo, Hongkou and Yangpu are the traditional central urban area. According to the Overall Urban Planning of Shanghai Municipality (2017-2035), the main urban area of Shanghai is 1,161 square kilometers, including all the areas within the Outer Ring Road and some of the outer ring areas of Hongqiao, Minhang, Baoshan and PudongYes.

When the Shanghai Municipal People's Government was founded in May 1949, the area of Shanghai's total jurisdiction was only 1/10 of that of today. The city today is approximately within the Outer Ring Road, covering an area of 663.5 square kilometersYes. In 1958, 10 counties in Jiangsu were divided into Shanghaito form the scope of today's jurisdiction. From 1988 to 2016, suburban counties were upgraded to districts. In 1988, Wusong District and Baoshan County jointly established the Baoshan District, becoming the first county in the country to be relocated from county to district. In 2000, the Pudong New Area People's Government was officially established to become China's first sub-provincial district.Yes. In May 2009, the administrative regions of the former Pudong New Area and Nanhui District were merged into new Pudong New Area. In November 2015, the former Zhabei District merged with the areas under Jing'an District to become a new Jing'an District. On July 22, 2016, Chongming, the last county in Shanghai, was upgraded to a district, so that Shanghai no longer has the administrative division of the countyYes. The administrative division of the central district has been changed several times, forming the current pattern of seven districts.Yes.

In addition, Shanghai has several enclaves and "quasi-enclaves" without local land ownership in Dafeng District, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, Xuancheng, Anhui Province and Huangshan City. Local residents have Shanghai household registration and related benefitsYes.

Diplomacy

Russian Consulate General in Shanghai Located on the River of Suzhou

Due to the opening of the concession, the foreign affairs activities of the Chinese authorities in Shanghai mainly involved the demarcation of the concession land and the handling of matters relating to Chinese citizens in the concession until the disappearance of the extraterritorial jurisdiction in 1949Yes. For a long time after 1949, Shanghai's foreign exchange was almost disrupted. Since the 1990s, Shanghai has gradually hosted a number of important international conferences and large-scale events, and gradually strengthened its exchanges with the world.

In addition, as a former concession, many countries have established consular offices in Shanghai, mostly the Consulate General. The history of Shanghai's friendly relations with foreign cities began in the 1970s. By the end of 2017, there were 85 areas with which Shanghai established friendly relations.Yes.

Overview

Shanghai is the economic center of mainland ChinaIn 2017, the city's GDP was 3,013bn yuan.11th place in the world, with tertiary industry accounting for more than 60%. Half of Shanghai's GDP is contributed by non-public enterprises. The most important industries in Shanghai are the commercial and trade circulation industry, the financial industry, the information industry, the real estate industry, the complete equipment manufacturing industry and the automobile manufacturing industry, which account for half of the GDPYes. Per capita GDP reached $135,305 and was convertible at international exchange rates to approximately $20,447Yes. In 2018, Shanghai residents' per capita disposable income was CNY 64,183Yes.

In the 1980s, Shanghai's economic position in China fell rapidly and its economy slowed. In April 1990, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council made a decision on developing and opening PudongHe announced the policy of speeding up the development of the Pudong area and implementing economic and technological development zones and certain special economic zones.Yes. Pudong's economy has grown more than 60 times in 20 yearsShanghai's economy has also maintained growth of more than 10% for the following decade, once again consolidating its position as a center of economic, financial and trade activityThe Pudong New Area now accounts for nearly 30% of Shanghai's economy. In July 2013, the Shanghai Free Trade Zone was approved by the state, Shanghai has the first free trade zone in mainland China, and the economic development will again gain good opportunitiesYes.

From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the beginning of the 1990s, the financial revenue turned in by Shanghai Municipality accounted for 16% or more of the total central financial revenue, accounting for 80% or more of the local financial revenue of Shanghai Municipality.Yes. By the end of the 1910s, Shanghai had turned in nearly 10% of its revenuesYes.

tertiary industry

Night view of the core of Lujiazui Commercial District, Pudong. The city's main symbol is the world's most densely populated super-tall buildings, including the Oriental Pearl TV Tower, the Shanghai Center, the Jinmao Tower and the Global Financial Center.

Before 1949, Shanghai was China's commercial financial center. At that time, Shanghai was a state-owned financial institution with a central bank, the Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, the Bank of China's Farmers, the Central Trust Office, the Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau and the Central Cooperative Treasury.and a large number of foreign, private banks, banks and trust companies. At the time, domestic banks based in Shanghai accounted for 81% of the registered members of the Banking Association. After a decade of gold development by the Kuomintang government, by the time of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, there were 105 private banks, banks and trusts in Shanghai, and 32 foreign-funded banks in China. On Jiangxi Road, which is parallel to the Bund, banks such as Jincheng, Salt Industry and Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd. have received more than one-third of the nation's total deposits and are known as "East Wall Street"Yes.

The Shanghai Stock Exchange is one of the three stock exchanges in China

Shanghai's financial markets were once very developed, with a wide range of financial instruments. Apart from the securities market, there are money markets such as inter-bank borrowing and discount, domestic exchange, foreign exchange market, gold (gold) market and silver (silver) market. Shanghai was then the world's third largest stock market and third largest bond market in capital markets after New York and LondonYes. In 1936, Shanghai's gold market actually reached 31.16m gold pieces, equivalent to more than 11m US dollars. That is more than the sum of Japan's Tokyo and Osaka, and more than France's Paris.Yes. "The volume of daily transactions is not as big as London or New York, but above the law, the print and the sun."Yes.

Since 1949, some Shanghai capitalists have fled to Hong Kong, Taiwan or elsewhere overseas. Others remain in Shanghai and continue to operate. Finally, in early 1956, they were replaced by public-private partnerships.Yes. In 1950, the Shanghai Stock Exchange was shut down by the Shanghai Military Commission for involvement in speculation and foreign exchange transactionsYes. By the end of 1952, the number of private financial institutions in Shanghai had fallen to more than 60. At the beginning of 1956, the official public-private partnership policy was introduced and eventually merged into a unified joint general management office of public-private joint banks. All capital markets were also closed and Shanghai's role as an Asian financial center was replaced by Tokyo, Singapore and Hong Kong.

On April 1, 1987, the Bank of Communications resumed business operations in ShanghaiYes. On November 26, 1990, the Shanghai Stock Exchange was re-established and the financial market in Shanghai began to recover. In 2002, China UnionPay was founded in Shanghai. In August 2005, the Shanghai Headquarters of the People's Bank of China was unveiled in Shanghai. In 2016, the New Development Bank was fully operational. The Bank of Communications, the Pudong Development Bank of Shanghai, the Bank of Shanghai and the Shanghai Rural Commercial Bank are among the state-owned banks currently headquartered in Shanghai.

Nanjing Road Shopping Mall

Due to its convenient geographical position and traditional economic background, Shanghai is also the place of registration of some state-owned enterprises and transnational companies or the place of headquarters in Greater China, thus creating a headquarters effect that will radiate the Yangtze River Delta and even the whole country and the whole region. Currently, the famous enterprises whose global headquarters are in Shanghai or whose place of registration is in Shanghai are: Bank of Communications, China COSCO Shipping Group Co., Ltd., China Eastern Airlines Group Corporation, China Commercial Aircraft Corporation Limited, China Baowu Iron and Steel Group, China Union Pay, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, China Pacific Insurance Company, Bank of China International Securities Co., Ltd., Guotai Junan Securities Co., Ltd., Haitong Securities Co., Ltd., PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian Certified Public Accountants (Special General Partnership), Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants (Special General Partnership), Ernst & Young Consulting (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Electric (Group) Corporation, Shanghai International Harbor Industrial (Group) Corporation and Shanghai Corporation. Jiushi Corporation. In addition, a large number of multinational companies including Intel, GlaxoSmithKline, Unilever, Bayer, Henkel, Dow Chemical, Philips, L'Oréal, Bosch, General Motors, Coca cola, Accenture, McKinsey, Bain & Co., Boston Consulting Company, and Citi, HSBC, Allianz, AIG, Standard Chartered, BNP Paribas, Industrial Bank of France, ANZ, DBS, Dah China Bank, Hang Seng Bank, Bank of East Asia, etc., have their headquarters in Shanghai.Yes.

secondary industry

Light industry is the earliest and most mature industrial sector in Shanghai. The silk and textile industries have been large since the Ming dynasty. Since the opening of the Shanghai Municipality, Chinese and foreign capital has opened light industry factories in Shanghai, and fierce competition has been formed because of the prosperity of the southern part of the Yangtze River on which they depend, the relatively small investment in light industry, and the rapid repatriation of funds. During the period of the planned economy, the light industrial products produced in Shanghai were sold throughout the country, and Shanghai has basically become a synonym for quality and fashion products. Shanghai has more than 20,000 varieties of light industrial products, including food, daily necessities, watches, bicycles, sewing machines, photographic equipment, instruments and office supplies.Yes. As a result of the high quality and fair price of the classic products, such as permanent bicycles, big white rabbit milk sugar, Shanghai watches, butterfly sewing machines and six-god dew, it has long been recognized by many consumers as a best-selling brand in the Mainland market. At present, Shanghai still maintains a large scale in bicycle manufacturing, food production and daily necessitiesYes.

Shanghai has been China's most important industrial base since the beginning of the Westernization Movement, while Jiangnan General Bureau of Manufacturing is the starting point for heavy industry in Shanghai. During the period of the National Government and the period of planned economy, Shanghai's industrial development level has been far ahead of the rest of the country. At that time, Shanghai accounted for 10% of China's industrial output.Yes. Shanghai is home to many scientific research bases and production bases for heavy industrial products because of its convenient transportation and developed science and culture. In the early days of reform and opening up, due to the reasons of the central policies, the rapid development of southeast China made Shanghai's industry face a crisis of marginalization, but since the mid-1990s, with the development of the Pudong New Area and the reduction of the proportion of financial transfer payments, Shanghai's industry has been rejuvenated. Shanghai's industries are mainly in the metallurgy, petrochemical, machinery, electronics, automobile, aviation, aerospace, supercomputer and shipbuilding industries. Zhang Jiang High tech brings together a large number of high end manufacturingYes.

F-22P frigate built by Hudong Zhonghua Shipyard for the Pakistani Navy

Currently, in the transportation industry, Shanghai Public Corporation, Shanghai General Electric has become an important base for the production of small and medium-sized passenger vehicles, Shenwo bus is an important production base of large vehicles, while Shanghai Alstom Traffic Equipment Co., Ltd. has undertaken the production of rail transit. In the aviation industry, Shanghai is the research and development base of China's aviation industry and the headquarters base of China Commercial Aircraft Corporation Limited, a manufacturer of large domestic passenger aircraft.Yes. In addition, the shipbuilding industry led by Jiangnan Shipyard and Hudong Zhonghua Shipyard is also a pillar industry in Shanghai, with an annual shipbuilding capacity of over 10m tonsYes. In metallurgical and petrochemical industries, Shanghai Baosteel and Shanghai Petrochemical are also in the leading position of the domestic industry, and Baosteel Group is ranked third among the world's steel enterprisesYes.

Shanghai is China's modern commercial center. Since its founding, Shanghai has developed its traditional natural economy and handicraft industry due to its location in the rich Jiangnan plain. As a result, it was already a well known shopping center in the Song and Ming dynasties. The Yuan Dynasty government established a shipping department in Shanghai, making Shanghai's commercial and overseas trade greatly developed. In the Ming Dynasty, Songjiang Prefecture became the National Center of Textile Handicraft and Cotton Trade. During the Reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, with the lifting of the sea ban and the establishment of the Yangtze Customs, the trade in cotton and cloth in Shanghai expanded rapidly. In the years of Jiaqing and Daoguang, there were as many as 800,000 pieces of Shanghai cotton cloth sold to Britain each year.Yes.

After the opening of Shanghai, overseas goods continuously enter the mainland from Shanghai. Shanghai's import trade has grown rapidly. By the mid-1850s, Shanghai had surpassed Guangzhou to become a national foreign trade center, and the market of Shanghai had become exceptionally prosperous. The Shanghai Municipal People's Congress (NPC) Standing Committee held a meeting with Shanghai Municipal People's Congress (NPC) Standing Committee Chairman Jiang Zemin here today. By 1908, according to the Register of Shanghai Hua Shang Bank, there were 10,534 enterprises and stores in the concession, including banks, banks, shops, factories, transportation and other enterprises and storesToday's world-famous Nanjing Road is taking shape.

After World War I, national commerce was also booming, with some later well known global department stores moving to Nanjing Road and other parts of Shanghai. Yong'an, Xianshi, Daxin and Xinxin are collectively known as the four major department stores on Nanjing Road, selling many of the world's most innovative department stores. Shanghai's business boom was lopsided during the island years.

After 1956, the implementation of planned economy and public-private joint ventures. Shanghai business is entering a new era. During that time, state-run stores kept Shanghai commercial. Residents rely on tickets to buy everything from food and non-staple foods to televisions and bicycles. From 1983 to 1993, tickets gradually exited Shanghai's business, and the market began to open up supply. From the mid-1990s, modern business models such as supermarkets, malls and convenience stores began to enter Shanghai. Traditional grocery stores and department stores are beginning to disappear or become functional.Yes.

By the 1990s, Shanghai had three major commercial districts and several major commercial centers, including Nanjing East Road, Huaihai Middle Road, Sichuan North Road, Yuyuan and Xujiahui. After 20 years of rapid development, by the end of 2010, Shanghai's commercial center has expanded to ten, respectively: Nanjing East Road Commercial Center, Nanjing West Road Commercial Center, Huaihai Middle Road Commercial Center, Sichuan North Road Commercial Center, Xujiahui Commercial Center, Zhangyang Road Commercial Center, Yuyuan Mall Commercial Center, Wujiaochang Commercial Center, Xinbus Station Night City Commercial Center, Zhongshan Park Commercial Center. The commercial center also gradually extends from the central position of the urban district to the sub-central area of the urban district, and the radiation scope is continuously expanded. According to a business report released by the Shanghai Municipal Government in 2010, Zhongshan Park and the Pentagon are two new commercial centers added on the basis of the former eight commercial centersYes.

primary industry

SHANGHAI AGRICULTURAL TOTAL OUTPUT VALUE (1990~2009)

Shanghai is divided into four seasons in a year due to the subtropical monsoon climate. The annual average temperature is 15.5°C, the highest temperature is 40.6°C and the lowest temperature is -12.1°C since the meteorological record. The frost has not had a frost period of 225 days in the middle of November, and in the early part of April of the following year. The total solar radiation is 4,670 MJ/m2, of which the PAR is half. Effective annual accumulated temperature 2630°C · days. It's full of rain, 130 days a year and an average of 1,145.4mm. The results show that the conditions of agriculture climate are better than that of the same season.Yes. Since ancient times, Shanghai has been a country of fish and rice, with relatively high yields of rice, fishing and vegetables. As early as after the opening of the port in Shanghai, along with the urbanization process, agricultural land and fish-producing rivers were reduced and buried, and the agriculture relying on traditional farming methods was once greatly affected. Since the 1990s, Shanghai's agriculture has begun to develop toward high technology and mechanization.

The traditional agriculture in Shanghai is mainly fine farming, with the fishery, salt and planting industries as the main sectors. As early as the Qin and Han dynasties, the Shanghai area was already "full of coastal platitudes and salt fields." By the Yuan Dynasty, Songjiang Prefecture had only five salt fields in 34 salt fields in Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions, and became an important salt-producing area. In addition, the water network in Jiangnan area is wide and wide, and the climate is suitable, and it becomes the most suitable area for fishing and rice planting. In the Tang Dynasty, Shanghai's rice was sent to Chang'an, Capital Normal University, as tribute rice. During the Wu-Yue period, Huating County wantonly built water conservancy facilities such as weir gates, thus ensuring better agricultural cultivation. In the Song Dynasty, Huating County's paddy rice per mu even reached two to three stone, making it a high-yield area of Chinese grain.Yes. After entering the Ming Dynasty, in addition to grain production, Shanghai began to plant large quantities of economic crops such as cotton because of the reform of textile technology. In addition to Huang Tao-po's reforms, the Sungchiang Cotton Group is famous in Taiwan for its high production, and is known as "the world of clothing."Yes.

In 1988, under the chairmanship of Zhu Rongji, then mayor, in order to solve the problem of supplying the city's grain and farm produce by-products, the construction of the "basket project" began, and Shanghai's agricultural modernization began to develop rapidlyYes. In the early 1990s, modern agriculture had achieved remarkable results. At present, Shanghai's agriculture is basically modernized. A modern agricultural network shall be formed by relying on the six aspects of high technology, standardization, mechanized production, construction of water conservancy, agricultural parks and agricultural insurance subsidies.

By 2012, Shanghai's total agricultural output value will have reached 32.076bn yuan. Of this, 17.12bn yuan was for the plantation industry; forestry 887m yuan; animal husbandry of 7.263bn yuan; 5.781bn yuan in fishing; Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery services will be 1.025bn yuan. The total agricultural output value of the farms under the Shanghai Municipality outside the Shanghai Municipality is 1.608bn yuan. The area sown to grain in the whole city was 187.61 thousand hectares; Grain production of 1.2239m tons; 272,100 tons of aquatic products. The coverage of improved varieties of rice reached 99.8% in the whole year. By the end of 2012, 543 enterprises and 3,300 products in Shanghai had obtained agricultural product quality certification. Among them, there are 116 green food production enterprises and 170 green food production enterprises; 420 production enterprises of pollution-free agricultural products and 3,106 pollution-free agricultural products; A total of 270 standardized livestock and poultry farms and 293 standardized aquaculture farms have been built in Shanghai. A total of 86.5 thousand hectares of grain fields and 60 standard vegetable gardens have been built. By the end of the year, the city had 388 leading agricultural industrialization enterprises and 3,177 specialized farmers cooperatives.Yes.

Since 1993, Shanghai's natural population growth rate has been negative

Since the opening of the port, the population in Shanghai has gradually increased and has grown sharply since the 1930s.

According to 2018 statistics, there are 24.2378m permanent residents in Shanghai, including 9.7621m permanent migrants and 14.4757m permanent residentsIt is the city with the largest non-permanent population in the People's Republic of China.Yes. At present, there are 118,000 ethnic minorities in Shanghai, of whom there are about 70,000 Hui people. Except for the permanent population, the number of foreigners holding residence permits is 1.03m. Another 160,000 foreigners live in Shanghai for years.Yes.

In terms of population structure, Shanghai is facing a serious aging problem. The average life expectancy of the population now registered in Shanghai is 83.63 years, of which 81.25 for men and 86.08 for womenThe number of people aged 65 and over was 2.3298m, or 10.1% of the total population. By 2019, there were 2,657 centenariansYes. The number of elderly people over 60 is expected to exceed 5m by 2030Yes.

Shanghai's fertility rate is very low. Since 2000, Shanghai's total fertility rate has been between 0.67 and 0.74, according to census and spot checks, and is only a third of the generational change.

Since the opening of the Shanghai Municipality, the population of Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Anhui are the main sources of Shanghai residents, and are integrated with local residents in Shanghai, making up the democratic body of Shanghai todayYes.

Before 1843, Shanghai was predominantly local. With the rapid growth of trade after the opening of the port and the relatively stable political environment, the business men of Wu Yue-fu, who had originally been buying and running in Guangdong, and the people of Northern Jiangsu who had fled from the Pacific War and had been hit by floods left their home countries and settled in ShanghaiYes. By 1949, Shanghai had a population of 5.0292m and an urban population of 4.1894mYes. At the same time, many celebrities in China's modern history, such as Song Jia-shu family, Rong Yiren, Shao Yifu, Xu Bei-hong, Hu Di, have also gathered.

After 1949, with various political movements supporting the inland areas and going to the mountains and the country side, a certain number of Shanghai residents were relocated to various parts of China, such as Anhui, Yunnan and East China. Some of the wealthy moved to or from Hong Kong to Taiwan around the 1950s. Since 1978, a large number of Shanghai educated youths and Chinese nationals have returned to Shanghai. In the 1990s, with the wave of overseas travel, a large number of Shanghai people emigrated to Japan, Australia, the United States and other places.

In addition, before 1949, a large number of British and French citizens lived in Shanghai. During World War II, Shanghai hosted a large number of Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazis in Europe, in areas accessible without a visa or guarantee. Since the 1990s, Shanghai has once again gathered a number of foreigners as business activity increasesYes.

Although the natural growth rate of the registered permanent residence population in Shanghai has been negative since 1993, Shanghai has given more than 20,000 registered permanent residence to more than 20,000 people each year in the form of imported talents, and the registered permanent residence population has been increasing for many years. Shanghai has long controlled household registration, but in recent years it has been relaxedYes. In addition, with the rapid increase of the floating population, Shanghai is also facing a variety of population problems. First of all, Shanghai's land, water, environment, transportation and other resources are under heavy pressure, and most of the crimes are committed by the floating people, which has an impact on Shanghai's public securityYes. The data show that central Shanghai was 2.4 times as densely populated as Tokyo, 3.5 times as densely populated as London and 4.8 times as densely populated as Paris in 2012, while Shanghai's population may surpass its urban capacity in three years, based on 2012Yes.

language

Putonghua is the official language of Shanghai and is used in schools and official occasions. In daily life, residents use the local language Shanghainese, which is not accessible to Mandarin. Shanghai Dialect is called Shanghai Dialect, which belongs to Wu Dialect in linguistics. Generally speaking, it refers to a kind of modern Wu Dialect used in Shanghai's concession area and its surrounding area in modern times. Since Shanghai is an international metropolis in the Far East, Shanghai Dialect is a combination of Wu dialect and English in various places. Shanghainese, like qipao, yangfang, and hutong, have become a typical symbol of Shanghai's style.

The scope of Shanghainese use is now subject to a number of constraints. With the influx of foreigners, the proportion of local residents is declining, and the government's intention to restrict the use of Shanghainese in public places has made Mandarin increasingly a public language. Because the state prohibits speaking Shanghainese in schools and also prohibits Shanghainese television stations, the ability of the younger generation in Shanghai to master Shanghainese is beginning to decline.There have also been some actions in society to protect Shanghainese.Yes. Shanghai is still the dominant language in daily life. The Use and Development of Shanghai Dialect Has Been a Topic of Social Discussion in ShanghaiYes.

Last name

According to the 2018 population data, the top ten surnames in Shanghai are Zhang, Wang, Chen, Li, Xu, Zhu, Zhou, Shen, Wu and Yang, of which Zhang is the largest surname in Shanghai, with a population of nearly one million. In addition, the city's registered permanent population uses 1,705 surnamesYes.

Like many other parts of mainland China, there are five officially recognized legitimate religions operating in response: Taoism, Buddhism, Catholicism, Protestantism and Islam. These religions were weakened after 1949 and were more affected during the Cultural Revolution before gradually recovering. By 2009, there were 887,600 people with religious beliefs, with the largest number of BuddhistsYes. There have also been many other religions in Shanghai, such as Judaism, Orthodox Christianity and Sikh religion, which remain in ruins.

Both Buddhism and Taoism in Shanghai can be traced back to the Sun-Wu period in the Three Kingdoms period. 98 temples are now openThe Longhua Temple, which was founded in the Three Kingdoms period, has the longest history. In 1949, there were 236 Taoist temples in Shanghai, but only 27 are leftThe most famous and informal Cheng Huang Temple is one of the most important tourist attractions. Every year, a grand temple fair is held. The surrounding area is also a well known commercial area in Shanghai. Various snack restaurants, antique shops and small commodity markets are close to each other, and become an important tourist attraction. Another famous view is the Fully Authentic View of White Clouds on the SeaYes. Islam first entered Shanghai with the food merchants who did business in Shanghai in the Song Dynasty.He said that the Chinese government has always attached great importance to the development of China's economy.

The Catholic and Christian Protestant churches were introduced by missionaries in modern times. In 1607, Catholic missionaries from Italy began to preach in Shanghai. Since 1949, the Catholic Church in Shanghai has struggled because of the long-standing discord between the Holy See and the Chinese government. Among the 107 existing Catholic churches in ShanghaiLocated in the western suburb of Sheshan, the Cathedral of the Virgin Mary has a magnificent atmosphere, making it the largest Catholic church in the Far East.It's also an important Holy Mother. Christian Protestantism came to Shanghai the last time, in 1843, when it was introduced by British missionaries. 169 Christian churches in ShanghaiA considerable portion of these sites have become protected sites in Shanghai, and are mostly located in the city center, so they are also regarded as popular tourist attractions by tourists.Yes.

Urban public transport

Shanghai buses first appeared in 1908.By 2011, there were more than 1,100 public transport lines across Shanghai and nearly 17,000 buses, including 358 trolley buses traveling on 13 urban lines. Public transport networks cover every administrative village7.7m passengers per dayYes.

Rail transit is another important means of transportation in the city, and it is divided equally between the passenger flow and the bus. The operation started in April 1995, including 16 subway lines, 1 APM line, 1 magnetic suspension line, 1 city railway (Jinshan railway), 1 rail trolley line and 1 tramway line. As of March 31, 2018, Shanghai Metro operated 644 kilometers (excluding the maglev line), ranking first in the worldand one of the busiest urban metro systems in the world. The subway lines are densely covered in central urban areas and connect most districts and counties with an average daily passenger flow of more than 9mYes.

Since 1908, Shanghai's taxi industry reached a peak in the 1930s. Since the 1980s, taxi industry has become active again. At present, there are 50,000 vehicles in operation in ShanghaiTaxi service centers have also been set up.Yes. In addition, ferry service was also an important means of transport to connect the two sides of the Huangpu River, and to serve the Chongming Island and the Shanghai area.But as tunnels and bridges across the Huangpu River and the Yangtze River have been built, ferry traffic has become less important to passengers than it was before, and has been replaced by a number of tourist boats traveling on the Huangpu River.

Shanghai public transport cards, which appeared in 1999, are the main means of settlement for citizens' travel, and the total number of issued cards has exceeded 30mYes. It is a non-contact IC card that can be used in Shanghai's public transport, rail transit, ferry, taxi and car park, as well as in Shanghai's expressway, utility and petrol stations, and can be used in some cities in the Yangtze River DeltaYes.

On December 1, 2017, Shanghai was awarded the title of "National Public Transport Urban Model" by the Ministry of Transport, becoming one of the first two cities to be awarded the title, and playing a role as a model and guide for each city in ChinaYes.

• Long Service Bus

• Shanghai Metro People's Square Station and Line 2

• Shanghai Maglev Demonstration Line

• CRH6A Stops at Shanghai South Railway Station

• Volkswagen Touran taxi operated by Johnson & Johnson (2017)

highway

In Shanghai, the main road with a full 55 km shape, such as "Shen", is composed of the North-South (North-South), the Yan'an Road (East-West) and the Inner Ring (Ring) Elevatedand for cars onlyYes. The inner ring line diffuses outwards, and the middle ring line, the outer ring line and the city-around expressway are in turn. In addition, we try to reduce the road traffic congestion by underground passage.

Because the river runs through Shanghai, there are many bridges and tunnels, and dozens of bridges, including the Waibaidu Bridge, are above the Suzhou River, which runs through the city.The first bridge on the Huangpu River was built in 1975, while the first bridge downstream was completed by 1991. By 2012, the number of bridges and tunnels on the Huangpu River had exceeded 20. In 2009, the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge was completed, ending the history that Chongming Island can only rely on ships to cross the Pujiang River.

The Shanghai area is connected to the suburbs or neighboring cities through more than a dozen provincial highways, and there are also national highways and national highways connected to the outside world.

• Yan'an Elevated

• The Huangpu River has nine bridges and more than 10 tunnels.

aviation

Shanghai is one of China's three major aviation hubs, with two international airports, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport. In 2019, Shanghai transported 121.79m passengers and handled 4.057m tons of cargo and mail. 784,000 aircraft movements since the two airports established diplomatic zonesChina Eastern Airlines and China International Airlines are used as hub airports. On December 12, 2016, China's urban airports exceeded 100m passengers for the first time. Across the globe, Shanghai was the fifth city to enter a billion-person aviation "club", following the arrival of London, New York, Atlanta and Tokyo. The two airports are expected to be the third largest in the world for nine years.

Built on the western outskirts of Shanghai in 1921, Hongqiao Airport began operating in 1929 and has since expanded several times, becoming part of the hub. The Pudong International Airport, which opened in 1999, has become one of the busiest airports in China, with routes covering 73 countries and regions and 62 domestic citiesand direct shipping between the two sides.

In addition, China Eastern Airlines, Shanghai Airlines, Spring Airlines, Juneyao Airlines, China Cargo Airlines, Shanghai International Cargo Airlines, Yangtze River Express Airlines and Great Wall Airlines are based in Shanghai.

• Terminal 2 Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport

• Inner View of Shanghai Pudong International Airport Terminal

railway

Shanghai has two special stations and two first stations, Shanghai Station, Shanghai West Station, Shanghai South Station, Shanghai Hongqiao StationYes. Shanghai's first railway was built in 1876 and is also the first in China. By 1909, the Shanghai-Nanjing Railway and the Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway had been opened to traffic, and the existing trunk lines for entering and exiting Shanghai had been formed.

There are two existing railway lines in Shanghai (Beijing-Shanghai) and Shanghai-Kunming (Shanghai-Kunming), as well as the routes operated in Jinshan and Pudong railways. In terms of high speed railway, the Shanghai-Nanjing/Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu high speed railway (Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu, of which the Shanghai-Nanjing section is parallel to the Shanghai-Nanjing high speed railway), the Beijing-Shanghai high speed railway (Beijing-Shanghai) and the Shanghai-Kunming high speed railway (Shanghai-Kunming) have been opened successively.

• Hongqiao Hub is a large transfer center integrating an airport, railway station, bus station and subway station.

• Nanxiang Marshaling Station is an important freight transit point in Shanghai and even east China

ocean

The world's busiest container port, the Shanghai Ocean Mountain Deepwater Port.

Shanghai Port has quickly become China's largest port since its openingSince the Huangpu River's water depth no longer meets the requirements of large container ships, Shanghai built Yangshan Deep Water Port on the islands of the East China Sea in 2005. The port is connected to the mainland through a 32-kilometer cross-sea bridge, and the port oil depot is used to supply the ships. The port, port administration and navigation administration of this port belong to Shanghai Municipality, but the administrative department of Shengsi County where it is located belongs to Zhejiang Province. By 2008, Shanghai Port will have more than 1,200 docks of various kinds, 137 productive berths of more than 10,000 tons, a total length of 115 kilometers of wharf lines, an annual throughput of 581.7m tons, and a maximum berth capacity of 150,000 tons. By 2010, Shanghai had become the world's largest container portYes.

In addition to cargo, Shanghai Port issues 2,258 passenger flights on a regular basis each month, with 58 international cruises each yearYes.

Hua Zheng Landscape Taken from Room 7014 Building 24 Shiyuxue Apartment No. 4, Songjiang University City

In 1050, Huating County established a school. After the opening of Shanghai, foreign missionaries and church organizations began to open various kinds of schools in Shanghai. In 1850, the French Catholic Jesuit Church established St. Ignace's High School, China's first modern Western-style high school, now Xuhui High School in Shanghai. In 1863, Li Hongzhang invited the opening of Shanghai's first Chinese school, the Shanghai Dialect Museum.St. John's College was founded in Shanghai in 1879 and has been offering university courses since 1892, while Nanyang Public School, founded in 1896, was one of the earliest universities in modern China. By 1936, there were 34 colleges and universities in Shanghai. After the outbreak of the Song-Hu War, most colleges and universities moved inland with the National Government and returned in 1945. At the same time, Shanghai began to implement the national education system.

In May 1949, public schools and national universities throughout the city were taken over by the People's Liberation Army, private schools were overhauled, and church and foreign schools were withdrawn. The most typical example was the abolition of St. John's University in Shanghai and the University of Shanghai in 1952 of the two Christian universities, and the allocation of teaching staff to other schools. The Adjustment of Colleges and Departments in Universities in 1952 Some Schools in Central and Shanghai Went to the InlandSome teachers from other colleges and universities have moved to Shanghai.

Old Library of Jiaotong University

Shanghai currently has 10 key 211 universities, including Fudan University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Tongji University and East China Normal University. In October 2012, Shanghai New York University, China's first international university to cooperate with the United States, was founded in Lujiazui, Pudong. In September 2013, Shanghai and the Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly established Shanghai University of Science and Technology, a small-scale, international research university.

In terms of basic education, the net enrollment rate of school-age children, primary and junior high school students in Shanghai is close to 100%, the enrollment rate of senior high school education is 98%, the number of ordinary institutions of higher learning is over one million, and the gross enrollment rate is about 70%In the 2009 and 2012 International Student Competency Assessment Program, Shanghai students' math, science and reading abilities ranked first in all the countries and regions participating in the testYes.

There are more than 100 scientific research institutions, 100,000 scientific research personnel and more than 100 professional and technical training institutions in the city.Yes. In Shanghai, a group of famous scientists including geneticist Tan Jiazhen, microsurgical experts Chen Zhongwei, Zhang Disheng, liver and gallbladder surgery expert Wu Mengchao, hematology expert Wang Zhenyi and Chen Zhu were born.

Well known public scientific research and design institutions include:

Urban planning and public facilities

Suzhou River and the Two Banks of Huangpu River Convergence

After the opening of the port, the Shanghai Municipal Public Concession Bureau carried out a large number of municipal construction.including power plants, water plants, etc. The 1927 Greater Shanghai Plan was the earliest overall plan for Shanghai. The city planning of Shanghai is now based on the Overall City Planning of Shanghai (1999-2020) approved by the State Council in May 2001, with the construction of international economic, financial, trade and shipping centers as the coreYes. In the Shanghai City Planning Exhibition Hall, a city planning model of over 100 square kilometers of the inner ring line, which is made in a proportion of 1:500, can be seen.Yes.

In the decades after 1949, municipal construction remained at the stages of building new workers' houses and replacing power and water pipelines. Since the 1990s, Shanghai has started a large-scale municipal construction and widely promoted the project of transforming the flat roof of old houses into the top of slopeand roof water tank renovationYes. Illegal buildings and sections of the environment that are dirty have also been rectified every year.Yes. The Shanghai Municipal Government took the opportunity of holding the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai to carry out a large-scale renovation of urban landscape, roads and residential houses. A large area of shanty areas was left over in Shanghai's history. In the 1990s, 3.65m square meters of dilapidated shanty houses were renovated, but the shanty areas of Caojia Village and Guangfu Road generation were still unable to start construction due to cost problems, and the urban village landscape, which is in sharp contrast with the high rise buildings around them, remains to this dayYes.

Before the opening of the port in Shanghai, the gardens and parks were all private gardens, the most famous of which were Yuyuan, Luxiang Garden, Guyi Garden, Qiuxia Garden, Zuibai Pool, etc.; After the opening of the port, public gardens began to emerge, the first of which was the public garden, born in 1868. But until 1928, Chinese were barred from parks built by the Ministry of Industry and the Board of DirectorsYes. At present, Shanghai has canceled entrance tickets for parks, except for some parks such as the Shanghai Zoo and the Shanghai Wildlife Park.Yes. Since 2000, Shanghai has started to build a number of open green spaces in the city center and suburbs to clean the city's air and beautify the environment. By 2008, the total area of green land in Shanghai was 34,256 hectares, public green land was 14,777 hectares, and the urban greening coverage rate was 38%. The total area of forest land in the whole city is nearly 100,000 hectares, with a forest coverage rate of 11.6%Yes.

In order to solve the huge demand for capital for the large-scale municipal construction since the 1990s, some officials of the Shanghai municipal government have led a large-scale reform of Shanghai's investment and financing system, first using the land resources in the government's hands, the introduction of land leasing financing methods. During the period, Shanghai raised more than 100bn yuan through land leasing. In 1997, affected by the Asian financial crisis, Shanghai's land wholesale rent was greatly reduced, but the scale of the domestic securities market expanded rapidly, residents' savings increased continuously, and the surplus funds of society increased. In the face of this situation, the Shanghai Municipal Government has formulated policies to bring profitable infrastructure projects to the market, to implement social financing, and at the same time has formulated various measures to reduce the risk of enterprises participating in financing. In the 1990s, Shanghai raised more than 200bn yuan through social channels. At the same time, Shanghai Municipality actively draws on international experience and further improves the development mechanism. expand the participation of capital markets and social insurance funds in financing; We shall explore the adoption of the internationally accepted financing methods such as BOT and BOO, etc., and the measures such as intensifying the support of public finance, etc., to further expand the financing scope and capacity, so as to meet the needs of municipal constructionYes.

public health

After the opening of the port in Shanghai, Western doctors entered the port with missionaries and doctors. In 1844, a modern hospital appearedYes. In 1904, the Shanghai International Red Cross Society was established as the forerunner of the Chinese Red Cross Society.Yes. Shanghai's public health system is now dominated by the Shanghai Public Health Bureau, the Shanghai Public Health Emergency Command Center and 28 large-scale Class A hospitals, supplemented by community-based medical institutions. At the same time, construction of sub-hospitals of Class A and Class A hospitals in suburban districts and counties shall be started, and the standardized construction of village health rooms shall be carried out. As of 2012, there were 3,465 medical and health institutions in Shanghai and 146,100 professional health techniciansYes. In the spring of 1988, the epidemic of hepatitis A broke out in Shanghai, during which the health and anti-epidemic department of Shanghai Municipality made all-out efforts to mobilize and take active measures to prevent and control the epidemic. This epidemic caused over 300,000 people to be infected and 31 people to die. After the epidemic, the Shanghai Municipal Government summed up its experience and gradually improved the prevention and control and early-warning mechanism for the epidemic of sudden infectious diseases and the emergency response planYes. During the SARS incident in mainland China in 2003, thanks to the experience gained and the prevention and control system gained from the previous major outbreak of hepatitis A, Shanghai's effective epidemic prevention work prevented the occurrence of a large-scale epidemic in Shanghai, thus winning the affirmation and praise from all circles including the World Health OrganizationYes. In 2013, there was a H7N9 flu epidemic in the Yangtze River Delta region, and the Shanghai health department responded quickly by culling and killing birds and birds in the relevant market in a timely manner to cut off the source of infection.Yes. Since Shanghai has taken multiple measures to prevent and control the epidemic, the epidemic has basically been eliminated.Yes.

By 2013, the average life expectancy of the population with a permanent residence in Shanghai had exceeded 82 years, ranking first in mainland China, with a per capita basic public health service budget of 53.7 yuan. Shanghai residents' three health indicators (life expectancy, maternal mortality and neonatal mortality) all remained at developed country levelsYes.

social security

Since the 1990s, Shanghai has established and gradually improved the modern urban social security systemYes. At present, the housing provident fund contributions of individuals and units in Shanghai are 5% to 7% respectively; The contribution ratio of the supplementary housing provident fund shall be 0% to 5% respectivelyYes. The sum of all social insurance premiums paid by an entity's employees shall be 45.5%Yes. The current monthly minimum wage in Shanghai is 2,190 yuan, ranking first in the country.; The minimum subsistence allowances for urban residents and farmers shall be 790 yuan per month. The maximum covered line for urban medical insurance is 390,000 yuan, and 80% of the reimbursement for the excess is providedYes.

public media

Publishing

Before the 128 Incident, the Oriental Library of the Commercial Press

In 1843, the Shanghai British Merchant Ink Library introduced China's first printing press, becoming China's earliest modern publishing house.Yes. 1897: Business Press established in ShanghaiYes. In 1912, China Books Administration opened in ShanghaiAnd it's growing rapidly. Shanghai has since become the center of China's publishing industry. By the end of the 1910s, the number of all kinds of publishing and sales institutions in Shanghai had increased to more than 120, accounting for 80% of all publishing institutions nationwide. By 1936, 71% of all Chinese books had been published by the Commercial Press, the Chinese Books Administration and the World Books Administration.

Since 1949, the government has started to rectify the publication of books, with Xinhua Bookstore as the core. After entering 1959, large printing and publishing institutions, including the Commercial Press and the Chinese Book Office, were relocated to Beijing.Shanghai's publishing industry has gradually declined to 16 by 1969.

In 2000, all publishing houses in Shanghai began to be integrated into Shanghai Century Publishing Group and Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing Group. The book Cihai, published by the Shanghai Dictionary Press, is famous, while the Shanghai Literature and Arts Press has the famous journal Story Society.

newspaper

"Shen Bao" is an important newspaper in modern China. The photo is the first publication number

Shanghai's modern newspaper industry has been developing since the opening of the port, and before that, there were mainly traditional media in official communiqués such as Di Zi and Beijing News. In 1850, the English-language Beijing Czech Daily became the first newspaper in Shanghai.Yes. In 1861, the Chinese-language newspaper Shanghai Xinbao was founded. In 1872, Shen Bao, one of the most influential newspapers in modern times, was published.Yes. By 1936, five newspapers, including The Daily News, The Times, The Current Affairs, and Ta Kung Pao, had sold 500,000 copies a day. After the Songhu Games began in 1937, the publication of the Daily Report was suspended because it did not accept the Japanese army's news censorship. After the complete fall of Shanghai in 1941, the newspaper industry in Shanghai was basically shut down. It was not restored until 1945, and by May 1949, there were more than 70 kinds of newspapers in ShanghaiIt is a national newspaper center.Yes. In addition, Oriental Magazine, Science, Chinese Education, Education and Occupation, Life, World Knowledge, Modern Review and so on were well known magazines published during the Republic of China.

After the People's Liberation Army took over Shanghai in 1949, the newspaper industry in Shanghai began to turn to full-state ownership because the Daily Report was confiscated because it was owned by the Kuomintang. After the mid-1960s, there were only two kinds of newspapers in Shanghai, Jiefang Daily and WenbaoYes. Since 1979, a large number of newspapers in Shanghai have begun to republish.

At present, the two major newspaper groups in Shanghai, Jiefang Daily and Wen Hui Xinmin, are merged into Shanghai Newspaper Group. The Jiefang Daily and the Wen Wei Po, among others, have retained the nature of Party newspapers and have imposed compulsory subscriptions on some enterprises and institutionsYes. But the newspapers that are close to civilians include Xinmin Evening News and News Morning News, with the largest circulation of Xinmin Evening News.

radio and television

China Radio, the first public radio station in China, broadcast in Shanghai on January 23, 1923Yes. After the 1920s, with the enactment of relevant radio regulations, private and state radio stations developed rapidly. By 1945, there were 108 state and private radio stations with business permitsIn addition to news and news, the radio programs also regularly broadcast music programs such as Suzhou Pingtan and Antics. Established on May 27, 1949By 1953, only one private radio station was in Shanghai. In early 1992 Shanghai Dongfang Radio was establishedHe became the second provincial radio station to compete with Shanghai People's Radio. Since 1990, the Shanghai People's Radio has broadcast a large-scale series of radio drama "Criminal Police 803" based on the prototype of the Criminal Investigation Corps of the Shanghai Municipal Public Security Bureau, which is the largest and longest broadcast in ChinaYes.

In 1958, Shanghai Television set up and broadcast black and white television, while color television appeared in 1973.At the same time, a 210-meter high Shanghai TV tower was built. In order to introduce a competition mechanism, in 1993, Shanghai Oriental TV Station was the second provincial TV station in Shanghai.Its news reduced some of the political content of Shanghai TV stations, and other programs were closer to citizens. In February 1994, the Shanghai Education Television Station began broadcasting and became a television station mainly broadcasting educational and scientific information.Yes. Starting in 1992, cable TV will be broadcast.

In 2001, the reform of radio and television organizations, including Shanghai People's Radio, Shanghai Oriental Radio, Shanghai Television Station, Shanghai Oriental Television Station and Shanghai Cable TV Station, was incorporated into the Shanghai Culture, Radio and Television News Media Group (today's Shanghai Radio and Television Station), controlling almost all radio and television programs in ShanghaiYes. Television stations also have a clear division of labor, and the original pattern of competition no longer exists.

sports

After the opening of the port in Shanghai, modern sports was introduced into Shanghai, and then began among Chinese students through the teaching activities of new schools, which promoted the improvement of Shanghai's sports level. At the 11th Olympic Games, held in Berlin in 1936, one-third of the Chinese delegation was a Shanghai playerYes.

After 1949, Yao Ming, a basketball player, Wang Liqin, a table tennis player, Le Jingyi, a swimming champion, Wu Minxia, a diving player, Liu Xiang, a Chinese chess champion, Hu Ronghua, Wei Qi champion Chang Hao, and famous soccer coaches and athletes such as Xu Genbao, Fan Zhiyi, Sun Wen and Xie Hui were trained in fields with a high mass base. After the 1980s, Shanghai began to try commercial sports operation mode, and in 1993 established the first professional sports club in China, Shanghai Shenhua Football ClubYes. Since the 1990s, various kinds of body-building equipment began to appear in the community, and gradually open school venues to the public, by 2008, the city has opened more than 1,100 school venues of various typesYes.

In 1903, China's first relatively professional soccer team appeared in ShanghaiYes. Shanghai has professional clubs and representative teams in football, basketball, volleyball, table tennis and baseball. Shanghai Greenway Shenhua and Shanghai Shanggang Group of CSL; Shanghai sharks in the Chinese Basketball Association are famous; The Shanghai Men's Volleyball Team, a strong team in the Chinese Men's Volleyball League, once won a nine-run championship from 2003 to 2012and won up to 12 championship titles in totalYes.

Shanghai Qi Zhong Forest Sports City Tennis Center Hosts ATP Men's Tennis Shanghai Masters

During the period of the Republic of China, Shanghai hosted the Far East Games in 1915, 1921 and 1927, and the first East Asian Games, among other four multi-continent games, and also hosted the sixth and seventh national games of the Republic of China. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the policy of rotation of the three regions was adopted.The Fifth and Eighth National Games of the People's Republic of China will be held in Shanghai.

Shanghai hosted the first East Asian Games in 1993., 2007 World Summer Special OlympicsIn 2008, he hosted some Olympic events.He has also sponsored various world single sports events on many occasions.Yes. Moreover, since 2004, the annual F1 Chinese Grand Prix has been held at the Shanghai International Race Center, where a large crowd of people will come to watch each event. The Shanghai ATP Masters 1000 is an annual men's tennis tournament in Shanghai, one of the stops in the ATP Masters. The main venue is Shanghai Qizhong Forest Sports City Tennis Center, or Qizhong Tennis Center. It is located in Qizhong Village, Maqiao Town, Minhang District, Shanghai. It has more than 15,000 seats and is claimed to be one of the world's three tennis courts. In 2009, the event was upgraded to one of the nine Masters Cup 1000 Tournament on the ATP World Tour, becoming the only highest-rated tennis event in AsiaYes.

Shanghai's culture is known as the "Shanghai culture". The main body of Haipai culture is rooted in the traditional Wu-Yue culture in the south of the Yangtze River, and is integrated into the western culture from Europe and the United States after the opening of the port, and gradually formed a unique culture different from the rest of China. The origins of the Shanghai school are related to the maritime school of painting in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republican Period. The Song River Painting School, represented by Dong Qichang, was the precursor of the maritime painting school. Then, as Shanghai's business boomed, more and more people began to sell paintings for a living, and the maritime school became known.

Expo culture

Museums in Shanghai

Shanghai Science and Technology Museum

In the 1860s, the French set up the first museum in Shanghai to display animal and plant specimens from the Yangtze River Basin.Now there are more than 100 museums in the city.Yes. The Shanghai Museum, located in the center of the People's Square, has more than one million cultural relics in its collection, making it the largest museum in Shanghai. The Shanghai Auto Show, which began in 1985, has also been influential. Apart from the Shanghai History Museum and the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Shanghai also has specialized museums such as the Lu Xun Memorial Hall, which are gradually opening to the public free of chargeYes.

The collection of ancient books in Shanghai is mainly private collection, and the modern library appeared after the opening of the port. Among them, the collection building of Xujiahui, the Catholic Jesuit Church, was best known.Yes. After the founding of the ROC, the Shanghai Municipal Library was opened on a trial basis in 1936.Libraries have appeared in the universities.Yes. Shanghai's largest public library is located at the Shanghai Library on the Middle Huaihai Road. It has 52m books, newspapers and periodicals, more than 150,000 old records and audio and video materials, and has established book exchange with more than 150 public libraries around the world.

Shanghai is the first in China to launch free wireless services in public places. The logo is composed of radio waves and a city flower of Magnolia named "i-Shanghai" ("Love Shanghai"). If such a sign is seen in a public place, it means free 2-hour wireless network service. The i-Shanghai network covers major transportation hubs, stadiums, libraries, business districts, schools, hotels, parks and other places. Free WIFI for two hours per day per cell userYes. Free Internet has been in place since March 2015Yes.

Diet culture

Shanghainese food, which is called the local food. The Shanghai food was originally made for the families of local residents, and later immigrants from all over the country began to pour in. The Shanghai food began to absorb different styles and mix them into a dish today that is rich in red sauce, light and tasty, mellow and savory. Apart from the usual cooking methods, our food is good at bad taste and is very unique in the Jiangnan region. Currently, Benpang's food is the most famous of two hundred-year-old shops, including the Green Porong and the Old Shanghai Hotel.Yes. Babao duck, bad pot head, big black ginseng of prawns and pickled duxian are all well known dishes, while oil-fried prawns and red-fried water are well known domestic dishes. In addition, raw steamed bread and small steamed dumplings are well known for their snacks.

In addition, Shanghai can see restaurants from all over the country as a result of a large influx of immigrants. Among them, Cantonese cuisine has an almond blossom and a new Cantonese restaurant.The Su cuisine is best known for its Dexing Restaurant, and Ningbo-style dishes are available at the Ningbo Soup Club.

Western food and culture entered the city with the opening of Shanghai, where Old Dejixi opened in 1853 as the first Western restaurant. Initially, Western cuisine was largely geared to foreign customers, and in 1910 the German restaurant opened, becoming a Western restaurant catering to people of all walks of life. After the October Revolution, Russian-style Western cuisine became a model for Western cuisine, and Luosung soup was very popular among ordinary people.Yes. At present, there are many restaurants in Shanghai that serve dishes from various countries, with styles from around the world. Western pastries are favored by ordinary people because they are relatively cheap compared with official Western cuisine.

The staple food of Shanghai people's daily diet is rice, with ravioli, noodles and so on occasionally as a regulator. Traditional family breakfast is made of water from the rest of the rice overnight, supplemented by soy sauce, eggs and creamy. For example, breakfast served at the Xiao Pan is the most common among soymilk, oil strips, cakes, and cifan, and is thus called the "four great diamond" by the people in Shanghai.Yes.

literature

During the Wei and Jin dynasties, Lu Ji and Lu Yun were the people of Huating County. And since 1919, Shanghai has quickly become a base for the New Culture Movement because of the unique political system of the concession, which attracted many celebritiesThe Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CCYL) has established a Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CCYL) and a Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CCYL).

After the 1980s, Haipai literature appeared such famous writers as Ye Yonglie, Ye Xin and Wang Anyi, and Han Han, who became famous for Triple Gate, caused many discussions with his unique style, which was called Han Han phenomenonYes. Today, Shanghai has become the cradle of the creation of many writers, more and more Chinese writers choose Shanghai as the base of literary creation, including Chen Sihe, Jin Yucheng, Qin Wenjun, Zhao Lihong, Sha Yexin, Ning Caishen, Xu Jilin, Xu Zechen, Cai Jun, Luo Luo and other famous writers.

art

Tian Zi Fang in Huangpu District is a new tourist attraction that brings together Shanghai's folk crafts and fashion elements

The Song River Painting School Led by Dong Qichang in Ming Dynasty Gradually RisesIn the Qing dynasty, he took the lead in painting in the southern Yangtze.There are people like Gu Fang.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, a maritime painting school represented by Wu Changshuo and Li Shutong was formed in traditional calligraphy and painting.Most of the content is mainly flower, bird, fish and insect. During the Tongzhi period, the Tu Shan Wan Art Gallery, the earliest art educational institution in China, was opened by the church.Yes. After the founding of the Republic of China, with the families of Zhang Daqian, Liu Haisu, Xu Beihong, Feng Zikai and Yan Wenliang settled in Shanghai, they gradually became the center of Chinese art. Photography, wood carving, sculpture, cartoons, comic strips, comic strips and other forms of art have begun to rise, producing famous works such as San Mao.Yes.

At present, the Shanghai Art Gallery is dominated by the Shanghai Art Gallery, supplemented by the Moganshan Road 50, Tianzifang and other art and creative parks.Yes. In traditional art, in the 1960s, the Shanghai Chinese Academy of Painting represented the art world of Chinese painting in Shanghai.Yes. After 1996, the Shanghai Biennale became an important venue for the exchange of Chinese and foreign art.Yes.

Quyi and Traditional Drama

In the late 19th century, theatrical performances became the main form of leisure and entertainment. In the early 20th century, one-man Wu dialect gradually appeared in Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. In the late 1920s, through the absorption of drama and traditional comedy, there was a comical scene in Shanghai., mainly in Shanghai and other Wu dialects. The Grand World Playground, which opened in 1912, has become an important performance venue.

As the Four Kun Classes and the Hui Classes of Suzhou entered Shanghai, Peking Opera art and so on,Yes. Pingtan is also the advantage of language and geographical location, from Suzhou to Shanghai, and with the popularity of commercial radio stations, the art of pingtan rapid development, by the 1930s, the daily program of pingtan is as many as 103. After the 1920s, Shanghai gradually developed the style of the Shanghai-style Peking Opera led by Zhou Xinfang and Ge Kaitian, and attracted Mei Lanfang and other Peking Opera people to live in Shanghai.Yes. During the same period, the Shengxian (today, Shengzhou, Zhejiang) Opera Class in Zhejiang also began to develop the new type of Vietnamese opera on the Shanghai stage.Yes. The traditional Shanghai style of singing, which combines modern drama forms, has formed a unique Shanghai opera.

By 2012, Shanghai's major traditional opera troupes included the Shanghai Peking Opera Company, the Shanghai Kun Opera Company, the Shanghai Yue Theater, and the Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Opera Company. The Kun Opera Company often performed in other countries and regionsActivities to exchange Peking opera are also held frequently.With the help of the television media, there have been shows such as "The Girl Is Fighting". The Shanghai Comic Theater Company, the Shanghai People's Comic Theater Company and the Shanghai Youth Comic Theater Company have also started to perform on TV, especially since 1995, when the program "Old Uncle" has been running for 12 years, becoming one of the longest-lived TV programs in Shanghai.Yes. In 1999, the Shanghai Circus City for acrobatics was completed.and a long-running show of "The Journey to Time". In addition, through the development and inheritance of the local forms of music, such as Pudong Shuo Shu and Songjiang Drum Shu, it has been gradually paid attention to and selected in 2008 as the second list of intangible cultural heritage of the stateYes.

modern drama

Shanghai Grand Theater is an important art performing center in Shanghai

In the late 19th century, plays appeared at Shanghai's Church School, where they were presented mainly in English as snippets of Western dramas. "The Ugly History of the Official Scene" in 1899 became one of the earliest shows on recordYes. In 1907, "The Tale of Slaves" appeared in the Lanxin Theater, becoming a symbol of the early drama. After the New Culture Movement, young students and intellectuals used plays to express their views. After the 1920s, songs and dances such as Sparrow and Children began to appear.Yes.

National conservatory of music established in 1927and the Shanghai People's Art Theater, the Shanghai Opera Theater and the Shanghai Theater Academy, which were established successively in the 1950sHe is now a performance institution and professional training institution of Shanghai Modern Drama. The Shanghai Drama Center is the main part of the drama, while the performances of musical and opera mainly rely on international performance teams. The Shanghai Concert Hall and the Shanghai Opera House have also been renovated and constructed, respectively, and the Broadway classic musical "Les Miserables" and "Cats" have since been staged.and Puccini's classic opera "Bohemian" and "Turandot"Wait.

Shanghai has become a backdrop for many plays and plays. For example, The Secret Love of Peach Blossom Spring, created and directed by Lai Sheng-chuan, The Shanghai Beach, directed by Li Yi, The Big Brother, a large-scale drama performed by the Shanghai Theater Art Center, and the grotesque black comedy Talent and Executioner. The Shanghai Theater, the Oriental Art Center, the Shanghai People's Great Stage, the Art Theater, the Shanghai Drama Center and the Lanxin Theater have been performing at various Shanghai performance centers.Yes.

Music

Shanghai Concert Hall

Early music in Shanghai was dominated by the traditional Yangtze River Silk Bamboo. After the opening of Shanghai, Western music was introduced. In 1878, the Shanghai Philharmonic Society established a orchestra.The precursor of the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra today. In the 1930s, Shanghai pop music entered its boom. "Night Shanghai," "The River of Suzhou," "The Incense at Night," "When You Will Come Again," "Rose I Love You," "If You Are Not There," "Congratulations," "The Moon Sends Thoughts Together" and so on are all created and popular during this period. In addition to pop music, given the situation at that time, most musicians in Shanghai also created patriotic songs, including "Graduation Song" and "Big Knife March". "March of the Volunteers," now used as the national anthem of China, is also written in Shanghai by renowned musician Nie Er.

Since 1949, popular music and soundtracks in Shanghai have been replaced by red songs, with few new works produced, a phenomenon that continued until the end of the Cultural Revolution. By 1978, the Shanghai Spring Festival was resumed, the later Shanghai Spring International Festival. With the restoration of music education, Shanghai has gradually seen famous artists such as Kong Xiangdong, Huang Ying and Liao Changyong. To popularize refined music, Shanghai Radio has created a Sunday radio concert, which continues today. The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra also performed at the Shanghai Concert Hall, the Shanghai Theater and the Oriental Art Center. Since April 2012, the first Shanghai outdoor concert, the Chenshan Grass Radio Concert, has been hosted by the Green Theater of Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden near Sheshan, and has been held every spring and summer. The Chen Shan Grass Radio Concert promoted the idea of "enjoying the flowers and enjoying the lives of the people" and invited world-renowned orchestras to participate.Yes.

In pop music, local production and orchestras began to recover after the 1970s. In 1993, in order to encourage the development of pop music in Shanghai and China, Shanghai Oriental Radio established a professional pop list, the Oriental Rain List. Local pop has also produced stars such as Mao Amin and Hu Yanbin. Famous singers and bands in international pop music circles such as Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, Maria Kelly, Lincoln Park, Biggis, Hayley Westra, Hiroshi Hamasaki, Rolling Stones, Oriental Gods, Beyonce, Tyler SwiftJohn Legend and others have all held concerts in Shanghai.

Films and television series

In August 1895, a film called Western Movie appeared in Shanghai. In 1909, Asia Film was founded as the first film company in China. Between 1921 and 1931, more than 650 feature films were produced by various film companies in Shanghai. With the rapid development of the film industry, Ruan Lingyu, Hu Tie, Zhou Xuan, Zhao Dan, Shangguan Yunzhu, Li Minghui and Wang Renmei became well known stars in China at that time. A large number of private films were shut down in the 1950s. Shanghai's film industry is mainly composed of the state-owned Shanghai Film Studio and the Shanghai Fine Arts Film Studio., Shanghai Film Translation FactoryIn 2003, Shanghai Film Group was formed. Since 1949, many famous revolutionary films such as "The Southern Expedition to the North," "Red Detachment of Women," "Chicken Mao Xin" have been shot by Shanghai Film Studio. Founded in 1957, Shanghai Film Studio is the largest film studio in China. It has created such classic works as "Little Tadpole Searching for Mother", "Big Noise Palace", "Nacha Disturbing the Sea", "Three Monks" and "Baolian Lamp".

With the development of globalization and the further rise of the film industry at home and abroad, more and more Chinese and foreign films include "Transformers 2", "Pacific Rim", "Spy 3", "The Small Age", "The Book of Spies", "Wonder Four Heroes 2", "If Love", "Veil", "July and Ansheng", "Golden Age", "The Siege of October" and "007: The Great Skyfall Kills the Air," and other works have been taken to Shanghai to see the film.

The Shanghai International Film Festival (Shanghai International Film Festival) is China's first internationally recognized international film festival. Every June in Shanghai. The festival was first held in 1993 and was recognized by the International Association of Film Producers in 1994 as an international category A film festival. The Shanghai International Film Festival is divided into four main parts, including the competition part of the Golden Baron Award, international film exhibition and exhibition, international film trading market, and Golden Baron International Film Forum and Asian New Talent Award selection. 2004 Media Awards. This has also become a major achievement in the development of Shanghai films and Chinese-language films.

Shanghai also has many well known works that reflect the city's characteristics. For example, the Sixteen-Year-Old Flower, jointly shot by Shanghai Television and China Central Television, takes several middle schools in Shanghai as a scene, reflecting the life and thinking of middle school students who grew up after the reform and opening up, and has been broadcast on television throughout the country for more than a decade. The Debt of Evil, which refers to the remaining problems of the Cultural Revolution's movement to the mountains and the country side, truly recorded the city and society of Shanghai in the early 1990s, and also the Shanghai language version, so the rebroadcast more than a decade later received widespread attention.

Fashion

The Shanghai Fashion Week was founded in 2001 and held in Shanghai in October each year. As an optimized exchange platform for the development and promotion of original design in China and the whole Greater China region, Shanghai Fashion Week has always been committed to promoting the integration of the domestic fashion industry chain and the international front-line fashion field through the positioning of "taking the domestic and international perspectives" and "creative design", thus attracting many outstanding independent design brands from China, Japan, the United States, France, Italy and Sweden over the years, especially the first show of each fashion week show, which is hosted by the indigenous brandYes.

cultural activities

Cultural activities are held regularly in Shanghai every year. Founded in 1986, Shanghai Television Festival is China's first international television festival.The Shanghai International Film Festival, founded in 1993, is also well known at home and abroad.Yes. The Shanghai Tourism Festival, founded in 1990, is a cultural festival from September to October each year. During the Shanghai International Art Festival, several art exhibitions, concerts and art exhibitions will be held, and artists from various countries will be invited to perform and perform. The Shanghai Book Fair is held every year in mid-August at the Shanghai Exhibition Center, and the Shanghai International Music Festival is usually held in Century Park.

building

Shanghai's ancient architecture is mainly left over from the Ming dynasty, and most of it is private homes and private forests. There are very few types of buildings other than the official offices, schools and temples. Most of the houses are Gangnam-style, brick-and-wood, tile-like bungalows that can still be seen in suburban towns in Shanghai, with the exception of the old town boxes. The Yuyuan is the most complete forest in Shanghai, and the Qibao Town, Qingpu Zhujiajiao Town and Pudong Xinchang Town are the most complete forest in ancient residential areas.

After the opening of the port in Shanghai, with the establishment of the concession and the entry of European and American culture, some Western villas and foreign houses began to be built, and Shanghai also began to have various kinds of buildings, thus being known as the "International Architecture Expo," especially the Bund area's financial architecture is the most famous, such as the Chinese style Bank of China's former head office building, such as the eclectic style Customs office, the neoclassical style HSBC Shanghai Branch Building, the American Decorative Arts Skyscraper-style Sassoon Building, and so on, which has been protected by a large number of Shanghai's excellent historical buildings. Because of the huge increase in the population, this period also produced the extremely distinctive Shikumen residence in Shanghai, until the 1980s, which was the most common residential style in ShanghaiYes.

After the 1990s, Shanghai began to carry out extensive urban construction and infrastructure renovation, and built a large number of commercial office buildings, large shopping malls, high rise residential buildings and other modern-style buildings. By 2008, there were more than 2,000 high rise buildings with more than 30 floorsPudong Lujiazui district in particular, the Oriental Pearl TV Tower, Jinmao Building, Shanghai Global Financial Center and other places have become landmarks in Shanghai. The 632-meter high rise Shanghai Central Building, completed at the end of 2014, is the tallest building in ShanghaiYes.

The night view of the Oriental Pearl Radio and TV Tower was a scene of fireworks.  China Pavilion of Shanghai World Expo 2010  The Listening Tao Pavilion in Yuyuan  Lupu Bridge across the Huangpu River  Guangfulin Ruins Park  overlook Jing'an Temple  Xujiahui St. Ignace Cathedral  Skylight SOHO  National Convention and Exhibition Center (Shanghai) during the First Expo

Night View of Lujiazui, Pudong

the bund view

Shanghai left a host of distinctive European-style buildings during the concession period, and since the 1990s, a number of modern buildings have emerged. At the same time, the surrounding suburbs are home to several ancient towns with Jiangnan styles, which have become tourist attractions. In 1986, Shanghai was designated by the State Council as a famous national historical and cultural city. Rich tourism resources have attracted tourists from various countries, and by 2012, the number of international tourists in China reached 8mYes.

Shanghai's Oriental Pearl Radio and TV Tower, Shanghai Wild Animal Park and Shanghai Science and Technology Hall are among the top 5A tourist attractions in ChinaIn addition, there are 20 Grade 4A scenic areas, four national forest parks including Sheshan, Dongping, Gongqing and Haiwan, and 617 outstanding historical buildings including Shaxun Building and Waibaiduqiao.

In recent years, Shanghai has become a well known international night-view city at home and abroad. The Bund View in Puxi and the skyscrapers in Lujiazui in Pudong are separated by the Huangpu River, attracting thousands of tourists. And the Nanjing Road commercial area, Xujiahui commercial area, Xintiandi and even Baoshan areas also have the colorful and splendid night scene constructionYes.

The Shanghai International Film Festival and the International Music Festival have also promoted the development of Shanghai's tourism industry. The annual September Shanghai Tourism Festival is an important stage and way to showcase Shanghai and attract tourists. The Shanghai Masters and the Formula One China Station have also become the destination of some tourists to Shanghai. Between May and October 2010, the number of visitors to the World Expo in Shanghai reached more than 73m.Yes.

After the opening of the Shanghai port, elite immigrants from all over the country arrived in Shanghai. Shanghai is known as a "paradise for adventurers", and many modern Shanghai celebrities are not born in Shanghai, such as Lu Xun (Shaoxing) and Zhou Xuan (Changzhou), but the city has managed to attract these immigrants and local residents, and together made Shanghai a great city.

Xu Jie, chief assistant of the Ming Dynasty cabinet, and Xu Guangqi, deputy assistant of the Ming Dynasty cabinet, were among the famous political and military figures in Shanghai. Among the famous scientific figures of Shanghai nationality are Nobel Prize winners Li Zhengdao and Gao Kun, biologists Tan Jiazhen and Chen Zhu. He said that China's top literary circles have come from China, including Tao Xingzhi, Guo Moruo, Fu Lei, Lu Gusun, Cao Yu, Hu Shi, Zou Taofen, Huang Yanpei, Li Shengjiao, Ji Xianlin, Ma Yinchu, Zhang Ailing, Liang Shiqiu and many other celebrities who were born in Shanghai and settled in Shanghai. The Shanghai celebrities in the art and culture world include Zhang Jinlai, Hu Ge, Sun Li, Huang Shengyi, Lu Yi, Li Junfeng, Zheng Kai, Tang Yan, Yang Yang, Wang Ziwei, Qiao Renliang, Hong Kong film actors Li Xiuxian, Zhang Min and Angelababy, and pop singers Xue Zhiqian and Shang Wenjie. The world record holder Liu Xiang, basketball player Yao Ming, soccer player Fan Zhiyi and Sun Wen, diver Wu Minxia, champion Chang Hao and racing driver Han HanYes.

Lu Xun  Guo Moruo  Zhang Ailing  Song Qingling  Ji Xianlin  Hu Shi  Li Zhengdao  Jiang Zemin  Zhang Jinlai  Hu Ge  Angelababy  Liu Xiang

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213. ^ Shanghai Science and Technology Development Center Must Handle Five Relations Well. NetEase News. 2015-09-01 [2012-04-03]. (Original content archived in 2015-12-22). 
214. ^ The largest urban planning model — the "Inner Main Model of Shanghai Inner Ring Road. Guinness World Of The World. [2016-04-14]. (Original content archived in 2016-03-04). 
215. ^ Shanghai to Upgrade Slope. eastday.com. 2002-07-20 [2011-04-18] (Chinese). 
216. ^ The roof water tank reconstruction project in the central urban area has been included in the 11th Five-Year Plan. eastday.com. 2006-04-12 [2012-04-03]. 
217. ^ Shanghai Yearbook 2009 >> Urban Construction Management >> Section 9 City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation. Shanghai, China. 2001-03-11 [2012-04-03]. 
218. ^ Shanghai Residents: A Close Up of the Living Conditions of Shanghai's Shantytowns. 21st century economic reports. 2011-03-11 [2012-04-03]. (Original content archived in 2012-11-03). 
219. ^ Shanghai Landscape Architecture >> Second Park. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-11]. 
220. ^ Why Shanghai Free Park Makes People Happy and Worrying. Renmin Wang Social Channel. 2005-04-15 [2011-03-11]. 
221. ^ Forest Coverage in Shanghai Increases Three Times in 10 Years. Wen Wei Po. 2011-01-23 [2011-03-11]. (Original content archived in 2013-01-01). 
222. ^ chen liangyu talks on shanghai's urban construction and investment and financing system reform. Xinhuanet. 2002-05-09 [2013-06-05]. 
223. ^ Shanghai Journal—Vol. 36, Health—Overview. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-12]. 
224. ^ The Chinese Red Cross Society's First Creation and Initial Development Period Sina. [2011-03-12]. 
225. ^ Cao Jingxing, Center for Oral History at Fudan University. Personal experience: 30 Years of Reform and Opening up in Shanghai. Shanghai Dictionary Press. 2008. ISBN  9787532625895. 
226. ^ Focus: Why Shanghai Has Not Yet Seen Large-Scale Outbreak of Atypical Pneumonia (Photos) Xinhuanet. [2013-04-07]. (Original content archived in 2015-06-10). 
227. ^ How Shanghai Can Prevent Epidemic Situation Learn from the 'Hepatitis A Pandemic. South wind window. 2003-05-16 [2013-04-07]. (Original content archived in 2013-12-24). 
228. ^ A live poultry market in Shanghai closed overnight to capture and kill all birds. Phoenix Net Information. 2013-04-05 [2013-04-05]. 
229. ^ No new cases of H7N9 bird flu have been brought to normal management in Shanghai for 20 consecutive days. Renmin Wang. 2013-05-10 [2013-06-03]. 
230. ^ Shanghai Municipal People's Government. As of 2013, life expectancy in Shanghai reached 82.47 years. [2014-08-10]. (Original content archived in 2015-01-06). 
231. ^ Shanghai's 11th Five-Year Plan Calls for More Achievements in Development. Wen Wei Po. 2005-12-05 [2013-04-10]. (Original content archived in 2006-02-22). 
232. ^ Shanghai Provident Fund Management Center. Notice on Adjusting the Base and Proportion of Housing Provident Fund Contributions and the Upper and Lower Limits of Monthly Contributions in Shanghai in 2018 Shanghai Provident Fund Management Center. 2018-04-13 [2018-05-21] (Chinese). 
233. ^ Shanghai Cuts Employee Social Security Premium Rate. Labor Daily. 2016-03-23 [2016-04-16] (Chinese). 
234. ^ Shanghai Municipal Social Insurance Premium Payment Standard in 2014. Shanghai Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau. 2014-04-14 [2014-04-15]. (Original content archived in 2014-04-17) (Chinese). 
235. ^ Notice on Adjusting the Minimum Wage Standards in This Municipality. Shanghai Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau. 2016-03-30 [2016-03-30]. (Original content archived in 2016-04-25). 
236. ^ The maximum payment for urban medical insurance in Shanghai was raised from 280,000 to 340,000 yuan. China Economic Network. 2013-04-01 [2013-04-02]. (Original content archived in 2014-03-01). 
237. ^ 1853 Museum of Chinese Art Published. Shanghai Printing Museum. 2014-03-13 [2017-08-05]. (Original content archived in 2017-08-05). 
238. ^ Commercial Press and Shanghai. Wen Wei Po Weekly. 2007-06-29 [2011-03-14]. (Original content archived in 2013-04-28). 
239. ^ Hope is the last case—the life of the Shanghai Head Factory of the Chinese Books Bureau. The Chinese Bookstore. 2010-06-07 [2011-03-14]. (Original content archived in 2012-11-07). 
240. ^ Shanghai Gazette >> Volume 41 Newspaper, Communications, Publication, Radio, Television >> Chapter 2 Publication >> Section 1 Publishing House. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-12]. (Original content archived in 2011-08-04). 
241. ^ North China Jie Bao Opens Issue. Shanghai Archives Information Network. 2008-04-08 [2011-03-12]. (Original content archived in 2011-11-09). 
242. ^ April 30, 1872 Initial Issue of Declaration . Renmin Wang. 2010-04-30 [2011-03-12]. 
243. ^ Shanghai News Journal, Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-14]. 
244. ^ ^{244.0 244.1} Shanghai Journal >> Volume 41 Newspaper Industry, Communications, Publication, Radio, TV - Overview. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-12]. 
245. ^ History of Chinese Newspapers in Shanghai (1861~1949) china cnki. 1992-03 [2011-03-12]. 
246. ^ Shanghai: and ensure that the party newspaper is published and distributed. News Morning Post. [2012-04-16]. 
247. ^ Foreign Radio Stations in China. China's modern radio history. 2007-06-21 [2011-03-12]. 
248. ^ Shanghai Journal >> Volume 41 Newspaper, Communications, Publication, Radio, TV >> Chapter 3 Radio >> Section 1, Radio. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-12]. 
249. ^ Shanghai Radio and TV >> Radio No. 1 >> Radio No. 1 >> Section 5, Shanghai Oriental Radio. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-12]. (Original content archived in 2016-04-27). 
250. ^ "Interpol 803" became China's longest-lived radio drama. phoenix.com. 2011-12-14 [2012-03-25]. (Original content archived in 2014-03-02) (Chinese (simplified)). 
251. ^ China's Color TV Industry Looks Back. Electronics Industry Press. ISBN  9787121074394. 
252. ^ Tian Ming, director of Oriental Satellite TV: I am just a drop of water that reflects the sun. eastday.com. 2009-10-23 [2011-03-12]. 
253. ^ Introduction to Teaching and Television. Shanghai Education Television Station. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2012-03-30). 
254. ^ About SMG. Shanghai Radio and TV Station. [2013-07-27]. (Original content archived in 2012-02-25). 
255. ^ Shanghai Chronicle - Vol. 37 Sports - Chapter IV Competition - Section 2 Participating in the Games. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-11]. 
256. ^ Introduction to Shanghai Shenhua. Shanghai Shenhua Football Club. 2001-03-11 [2011-03-11]. 
257. ^ Shanghai Yearbook 2009-36 Sports - Section 2 Mass Sports. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-11]. 
258. ^ Chinese Men's World Cup History 1930-2002. phoenix.com. 2009-09 [2011-03-11]. 
259. ^ Shanghai Beats 81 in Men's Volleyball League Win 10th Time. NetEase Sports. 2012-03-11 [2016-12-23]. 
260. ^ Shanghai Men's Volleyball Team Tops 12 Titles: Never change the heart of the struggle to win the throne and create a master of the king. Sina Sports. 2016-02-27 [2016-12-23]. 
261. ^ Letter of the General Office of the State Council on Lifting the Restrictions on National Games Held by Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong in turn. phoenix.com. 2010-12-02 [2012-04-17]. 
262. ^ ^{262.0 262.1} Shanghai General Record - Sports - Competition - Hosting Sports Games. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-11]. 
263. ^ Shanghai Opens 2007 Summer Olympics. Shanghai, Sina. 2007-02-13 [2011-03-11]. (Original content archived in 2013-02-08). 
264. ^ Shanghai Wins World Swimming Championships. Xinhuanet. 2007-03-24 [2013-06-17]. 
265. ^ How much do you know about the ATP1000 Masters Competition in Shanghai? Shanghai ATP1000 Tennis Masters. 2013-06-06 [2014-03-11]. 
266. ^ The museum in old Shanghai. Shanghai Archives Information Network. 2008-04-01 [2011-03-12]. (Original content archived in 2011-01-08). 
267. ^ The number of museums in Shanghai has reached 100. Shanghai Industrial Tourism Network. 2005-12-27 [2012-04-16]. (Original content archived in 2013-04-12). 
268. ^ State Bureau of Cultural Heritage. List of National Museums in 2016. 2018-01-09. (Original content archived in 2018-08). 
269. ^ Shanghai Pilot Program Helps Private Museums Gradually Open to Free Public Service. Xinhuanet. 2012-03-05 [2012-04-16]. 
270. ^ The Shanghai Library's Xujiahui Collection Building is reproduced in Shao Hua. Shanghai Library. [2011-03-14]. (Original content archived in 2011-05-24). 
271. ^ Annals of the Yangpu District >> The National Government and the Great Shanghai Plan. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-14]. 
272. ^ Shanghai Library Professional Records - Summary. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2011-03-12]. 
273. ^ Public Places in Shanghai Free of Charge At the end of the month, WiFi is open for free 2 hours a day. Oriental Morning Post. 2012-07-25 [2013-05-11]. 
274. ^ Free Internet access for i-Shanghai will provide detailed information on how to stay on line without losing line. Xinmin.com. 2015-03-06 [2017-07-22]. 
275. ^ The Green Corridor, which has attracted many heads of state, has a very small flavor. Shanghai Tourism Net. 2008-06-25 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2012-01-12). 
276. ^ Xinya. New Ya Yue Restaurant. [2013-07-26]. (Original content archived in 2013-09-21). 
277. ^ Recalling Luosung Tang, which brought tears to the eyes of the Shanghai people. Ding Ding. 2009-12-25 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2011-11-09). 
278. ^ Shanghai's Four Great Diamond Manufacturers. Chinese and foreign abstracts. [2012-04-20]. 
279. ^ May 4th Movement: The New Culture Movement. Xinhuanet. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2011-10-18). 
280. ^ The whole story of the 'Han Han Han phenomenon. Sohu.com. [2012-04-20]. 
281. ^ Local Chronicles of Shanghai >> Issue 5, 1989 >> The Song River Painting School Originated. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2012-04-20]. 
282. ^ Shanghai Chronicle >> Vol. 38 Culture and Art (Part I) >> Chapter VI Arts, Calligraphy and Photography >> Festival. Shanghai Local Records Office. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2015-09-27). 
283. ^ Wu Chang-shuo and the Shanghai Gold and Stone Painting School—the last struggle to revive the tradition of Chinese painting. china cnki. [2011-03-14]. (Original content archived in 2011-11-09). 
284. ^ Liu Dezhai and the Tu Shan Wan Painting Gallery. Art Guide. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2016-08-13). 
285. ^ San Mao was first born on July 28, 1935 in the Morning Post supplement. Liberation Daily. 2010-07-29 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2017-08-23). 
286. ^ Tien Tzu-fang Creative Park. Shanghai Merchants Investment. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2010-12-21). 
287. ^ Shanghai Chinese Painting Academy. Art today. [2011-03-12]. (Original content archived in 2010-11-27). 
288. ^ Shanghai Biennale Opens. Oriental Morning Post. 2010-10-23 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2010-12-15). 
289. ^ Wang Wuneng. Yiwen.cn. 2006-11-30 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2012-01-12). 
290. ^ Today in history is March 2. China.com. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2012-04-22). 
291. ^ Mei Lanfang's performances abroad (with photos). Shanghai Archives Information Network. 2008-02-27 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2011-11-09). 
292. ^ I recall that Shaoxing, the 10 sisters of Yue Opera, would play Love in the Mountains and Rivers together. Sohu Entertainment. 2007-02-01 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2014-03-05). 
293. ^ The Shanghai Kun Opera Company will bring the entire Eternal Palace to the stage in Taipei. eastday.com. 2010-03-30 [2011-03-12]. (Original content archived in 2011-05-11). 
294. ^ The Beijing-Tianjin-Shanghai-Beijing Opera Group Exchange Concert was held in Shanghai on 23 and 25 December. eastday.com. 2010-12-17 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2014-03-06). 
295. ^ Uncle. The Bean Leaf Movie. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2014-03-05). 
296. ^ Shanghai Happy Circus. Shanghai Circus City Website. [2013-07-27]. (Original content archived in 2013-11-25). 
297. ^ Circular of the State Council Concerning Publishing the Second National Intangible Cultural Heritage List and the First Group of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Extension Items. China Government Network. 2008-06-14 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2017-11-29). 
298. ^ Change: Episode 1 Stage Western Wind. Civilization Net. 2009-02-21 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2017-02-11). 
299. ^ A Comparative Study of the Differences between Li Jinhui's Children and Sparrow's Children Play and Little Painter's Play. Bojingyuan Thesis Network. 2007-03-24 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2012-01-17). 
300. ^ Brief introduction to the college. Shanghai Conservatory of Music. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2012-03-03). 
301. ^ Brief introduction to the college. Shanghai Theater Academy. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2012-05-09). 
302. ^ The classic musical "Cat" begins its premiere on March 28. Shanghai, Sina. 2003-02-25 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2013-02-08). 
303. ^ Italian Opera in Shanghai from Attila. Wen Wei Po. 2013-10-28 [2013-11-20]. (Original content archived in 2017-10-07). 
304. ^ For the first time, Shanghai-style dramas were staged in Beijing on a large scale, with three original dramas and six European and US-compiled dramas. Let's watch the news. 2017-05-17. 
305. ^ Modern Western music media—Shanghai Industrial Department Band. Shanghai Archives Information Network. 2008-04-08 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2011-11-09). 
306. ^ Five Sections of the Chen Shan Grass Broadcast Concert Recollect beautiful memories. Tencent Entertainment. 2013-04-22 [2013-04-23]. 
307. ^ Sydney-Dion Set Off Shanghai's "My Heart Is Still" Press Concert. Sina Entertainment. 2008-04-11 [2012-04-20]. 
308. ^ Bee Gees Shanghai Concert Sina Entertainment. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2011-10-10). 
309. ^ The 2010 Shanghai Grand Theater World Expo Performance Season concluded with a new generation of cross-border beauty—a solo concert by Haley Vestra. Shanghai Grand Theater. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2012-04-15). 
310. ^ Hamasaki Bu Shanghai Concert. Sina Entertainment. 2008 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2011-10-10). 
311. ^ European and US Singers Coming to China, Schedule Mold Shanghai Sings Three Muse Bands First Come to the Mainland. Mtime Time. 2015-07-08. 
312. ^ Shanghai Fine Arts Film Studio, the cradle of Chinese animation. Shanghai Art Film Studio. [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2011-08-08). 
313. ^ 50th anniversary of Shanghai Film Studio: A voice that never disappears. Sina. 2007-06-26 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2011-11-12). 
314. ^ 2016 Shanghai Spring Summer Fashion Week. Sina. [2016-11-26]. 
315. ^ Shanghai Television Festival. Shanghai Television Festival. [2012-04-20]. 
316. ^ Shanghai International Film Festival. CCTV International. 2008-06-24 [2012-04-20]. (Original content archived in 2009-05-19). 
317. ^ After 100 years, he continued to watch Shanghai. Xinmin Evening News. 2010-11-21 [2012-04-18]. 
318. ^ Skyscraper Cities Ranking List. The World's Best Skylines. 2012-04-05 [2012-04-05]. (Original archived in 2008-02-04) (English). 
319. ^ The Shanghai Central Building, China's first tallest building, has a total height of 632 meters. Xinhuanet. 2016-03-16 [2016-04-18]. 
320. ^ 2012 in Shanghai: For every 100 yuan of GDP, the tourist industry contributes 7.5 yuan. China Economic Network. 2013-05-24 [2013-06-05]. (Original content archived at 2017-02-16). 
321. ^ Shanghai Science and Technology Museum Becomes 5A Class Popular Science Tourist Area. Shanghai, Xinhua. 2010-03-18 [2011-03-11]. (Original content archived in 2011-11-09). 
322. ^ The beautiful painting album shows the achievements in the construction of the night scenery in Baoshan. Shanghai Municipal Greening and City Appearance Administration. 2015-07-30 [2016-04-14]. (Original content archived in 2016-03-04). 
323. ^ Foreign Media Praise Shanghai World Expo. China Youth Daily. 2010-11-01 [2011-03-14]. 
324. ^ Why are Shanghai people always misunderstood? In fact, you don't understand the heart of the devil. Universal Human Geography. 2013-04-15 [2014-06-14]. 

Coordinates: 31°10′00″N 121°29′00″E / 31.16667°N 121.48333°E / 31.16667; 121.48333 (Shanghai)